Table 2 Urinary concentrations of 1-OHP in the Kinshasa population (n = 220; 6–70 years)

Total

μg/L

220

0.1

1.6

6.6

26.8

1.8 (1.6 – 2.0)

μg/g cr

0.1

1.2

5.8

14.8

1.3 (1.1 – 1.4)

Sex

Men

μg/L

109

0.2

1.6

6.5

26.8

1.6 (1.4 – 1.9)

0.19

μg/g cr

0.2

0.9

4.7

14.8

1.0 (0.9 – 1.2)

Women

μg/L

111

0.1

1.8

7.6

16.4

1.9 (1.6 – 2.2)

μg/g cr

0.1

1.3

6.5

12.1

1.5 (1.2 – 1.7)

Age

6 – 14 years

μg/L

56

0.4

2.1

7.6

14.7

2.1 (1.6 – 2.6)

0.10

μg/g cr

0.3

1.7

8.9

14.8

1.9 (1.4 – 2.5)

> 14 years

μg/L

164

0.1

1.5

5.9

26.8

1.7 (1.5 – 1.9)

μg/g cr

0.1

1.0

4.7

12.9

1.1 (0.9 – 1.2)

Smoking habits

Current smokers

μg/L

79

0.1

2.0

8.2

26.8

2.3 (1.9 – 2.7)

<0.01

μg/g cr

0.1

1.2

6.3

12.9

1.3 (1.0 – 1.5)

Non-smokers

μg/L

141

0.2

1.6

5.2

16.4

1.5 (1.3 – 1.7)

μg/g cr

0.2

1.1

5.8

14.8

1.2 (1.0 – 1.4)

Grilled meat habits

Consumers

μg/L

65

0.5

4.1

14.1

26.8

4.0 (3.4 – 4.7)

<0.01

μg/g cr

0.5

2.3

12.3

14.8

2.5 (2.1 – 3.1)

Non-consumers

μg/L

155

0.1

1.3

2.8

6.5

1.2 (1.1 – 1.4)

μg/g cr

0.1

0.8

3.2

5.5

0.9 (0.8 – 1.0)