Table 1 Meta-analysis of risk factors for excessive gestational weight gain
From: Determinants of excessive gestational weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Risk factors | Studies (n) | Samples (n) | Effects model | OR | 95%CI | P value | I2 | Study IDa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL | CU | ||||||||
Individual factors | |||||||||
  Age, years (< 30 vs. ≥ 30) | 13 | 65,528 | Fixed | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.19 |  < 0.01 | 41% | [2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25-27, 29, 46, 50, 59, 61] |
  Employment (No vs. Yes) | 9 | 57,241 | Fixed | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.12 |  < 0.01 | 12% | [15, 16, 20, 21, 25-27, 29, 59] |
  Education level (Low vs. High) | 18 | 294,934 | Random | 1.06 | 0.92 | 1.21 | 0.44 | 93% | [1, 2, 5, 14-17, 20, 21, 25-27, 32, 40, 49, 50, 61, 66] |
  Pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (Underweight vs. Normal) | 21 | 342,606 | Fixed | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.59 |  < 0.01 | 48% | [2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25-27, 40, 46, 49-51, 58, 59, 64, 66] |
  Pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (Overweight, obese vs. Normal) | 23 | 343,652 | Random | 2.49 | 2.11 | 2.94 |  < 0.01 | 97% | [2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25-27, 29, 40, 46, 49-51, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66] |
  Parity (Primiparity vs. Multiparity) | 18 | 294,185 | Fixed | 1.30 | 1.28 | 1.32 |  < 0.01 | 38% | [1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 20, 21, 25-27, 29, 32, 40, 46, 50, 59, 61, 66] |
  Planned pregnancy (No vs. Yes) | 3 | 76,056 | Fixed | 0.92 | 0.79 | 1.07 | 0.280 | 0% | [16, 26, 47] |
  Smoking (Yes vs. No) | 12 | 237,046 | Fixed | 1.29 | 1.25 | 1.34 |  < 0.01 | 13% | [2, 14, 21, 25, 26, 32, 40, 46, 49, 59, 61, 66] |
  Alcohol (Yes vs. No) | 6 | 233,736 | Random | 1.90 | 0.50 | 7.22 | 0.34 | 99% | [2, 25, 26, 40, 49, 59] |
  Prenatal care (Inadequate vs. Adequate) | 5 | 232,597 | Random | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.84 |  < 0.01 | 62% | [15-17, 40, 49] |
Family factors | |||||||||
  Marital status (Unmarried, divorced vs. Married) | 9 | 287,737 | Fixed | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.23 |  < 0.01 | 0% | [15, 25-27, 29, 40, 59, 61, 66] |
  Food security (No vs. Yes) | 4 | 1794 | Fixed | 1.13 | 0.84 | 1.5 | 0.42 | 0% | [16, 21, 29, 32] |
Social factors | |||||||||
  Nutrition advice or guidance (Not have vs. Have) | 3 | 1575 | Fixed | 1.08 | 0.88 | 1.32 | 0.47 | 0% | [17, 29, 49] |