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Table 4 All-cause mortality risk by alcohol consumption in subjects aged ≥60 years. The Tromsø Study 1994–2020

From: The effects of exceeding low-risk drinking thresholds on self-rated health and all-cause mortality in older adults: the Tromsø study 1994–2020

 

Women

Men

Univariate HR [95% CI]

Adjusted HR [95% CI]

Univariate HR [95% CI]

Adjusted HR [95% CI]

Alcohol consumption

 Abstainer, not consumed alcohol last 12 months

1.53*** [1.42, 1.65]

1.31*** [1.18, 1.46]

1.37*** [1.25, 1.50]

1.18** [1.06, 1.32]

  < 100 g ethanol per week

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

  ≥ 100 g ethanol per week

0.89 [0.72, 1.11]

0.95 [0.73, 1.22]

0.89 [0.77, 1.01]

0.89 [0.77, 1.03]

Self-rated health

 Poor

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Fair

0.75*** [0.66, 0.85]

0.86 [0.72, 1.02]

0.63*** [0.55, 0.71]

0.71*** [0.61, 0.83]

 Good

0.50*** [0.44, 0.56]

0.61*** [0.50, 0.74]

0.40*** [0.35, 0.45]

0.55*** [0.46, 0.64]

 Excellent

0.32*** [0.25, 0.41]

0.38*** [0.27, 0.53]

0.25*** [0.20, 0.31]

0.37*** [0.28, 0.49]

Live with a spouse or a partner

0.71*** [0.66, 0.77]

0.81*** [0.74, 0.89]

0.77*** [0.70, 0.84]

0.81*** [0.74, 0.90]

Mental distressa

 No symptoms

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Some symptoms

1.54*** [1.38, 1.73]

1.17* [1.02, 1.33]

1.68*** [1.53, 1.84]

1.31*** [1.18, 1.44]

 Sub-threshold symptoms

1.55*** [1.37, 1.75]

1.07 [0.91, 1.24]

1.85*** [1.65, 2.08]

1.25*** [1.10, 1.43]

 Significant symptoms

1.88*** [1.63, 2.18]

1.04 [0.86, 1.26]

2.31*** [1.96, 2.73]

1.36** [1.12, 1.66]

Physical illness (HII)b

1.05*** [1.04, 1.07]

1.05*** [1.03, 1.06]

1.08*** [1.07, 1.10]

1.07*** [1.05, 1.08]

Smoking

 Never smoked

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 1–20 years

1.29*** [1.11, 1.49]

1.12 [0.95, 1.32]

1.35*** [1.15, 1.59]

1.21* [1.03, 1.44]

  > 20 years

1.95*** [1.78, 2.14]

1.67*** [1.50, 1.86]

2.49*** [2.21, 2.82]

1.97*** [1.73, 2.24]

Have used pillsclast 2/4 weeks

0.66*** [0.60, 0.72]

0.78*** [0.70, 0.87]

1.02 [0.92, 1.14]

0.89 [0.80, 1.00]

High blood pressure (> 140/90 mmHg)

1.34*** [1.23, 1.45]

1.15** [1.04, 1.28]

1.25*** [1.16, 1.35]

1.26*** [1.16, 1.38]

Body Mass Index

 Lean (< 25 kg/m2)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

 Overweight (25–30 kg/m2)

0.72*** [0.66, 0.78]

0.65*** [0.59, 0.73]

0.73*** [0.68, 0.79]

0.73*** [0.67, 0.80]

 Obese (≥30 kg/m2)

0.76*** [0.69, 0.84]

0.67*** [0.59, 0.76]

0.68*** [0.61, 0.76]

0.64*** [0.57, 0.73]

Average physical activity per week

 Inactive

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

  < 1 Hour

0.61*** [0.54, 0.68]

0.71*** [0.61, 0.83]

0.57*** [0.51, 0.65]

0.69*** [0.60, 0.79]

 1–2 hours

0.57*** [0.51, 0.62]

0.73*** [0.63, 0.83]

0.58*** [0.52, 0.65]

0.68*** [0.60, 0.78]

  ≥ 3 hours

0.59*** [0.54, 0.65]

0.81** [0.71, 0.93]

0.63*** [0.57, 0.70]

0.74*** [0.66, 0.84]

  1. HR hazard ratios, are based on cox proportional hazard models with repeated measures of alcohol consumption (n = 24,590). All time-varying scores were updated in 2001, 2007–08, and 2015–16 for those who participated. End of follow-up on November 25, 2020. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confi’dence intervals in brackets, all estimates are adjusted for education and age
  2. Univariate models: separate models for each risk factor, to estimate the independent effect on HR
  3. Adjusted models: fully fitted models including all listed covariates
  4. *p < 0.05
  5. **p < 0.01
  6. ***p < 0.001
  7. aIn 1994–95, the seven-item CONOR Mental Health Index (CONOR-MHI) was used, whereas in the three subsequent surveys, the ten-item Hopkins Symptom Check List-10 (HSCL-10) was used
  8. bHII measures physical illness according to the impact that each condition has on SRH. cSubjects reporting the use of either or both sleeping pills/tranquilisers. In 1994–95, the time frame asked was “during the last 2 weeks”, while in the three subsequent surveys it was “during the last 4 weeks”
  9. cSubjects reporting the use of either or both sleeping pills/tranquilisers. In 1994–95, the time frame asked was “during the last 2 weeks”, while in the three subsequent surveys it was “during the last 4 weeks”
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