Table 1 Weighted characteristics of the study population by blood lead quartiles, NHANES 2003–2010
Blood lead (μg/dL) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P | |
Patients, n | 6453 | 1624 | 1603 | 1615 | 1611 | |
Age, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
60 | 2733 (42.4) | 961 (72.4) | 713 (58.3) | 591 (48.2) | 468 (40.6) | |
≥ 60 | 3720 (57.6) | 663 (27.6) | 890 (41.7) | 1024 (51.8) | 1143 (59.4) | |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 3222 (49.9) | 573 (38.3) | 776 (50.3) | 868 (52.5) | 1005 (60.4) | |
Female | 3231 (50.1) | 1051 (61.7) | 827 (49.7) | 747 (47.5) | 606 (39.6) | |
Body massing index, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Normal weight (< 25.0 kg/m2) | 1262 (19.6) | 225 (15.0) | 295 (18.7) | 335 (22.1) | 407 (25.9) | |
Overweight (25.0 – 29.9 kg/m2) | 2183 (33.8) | 440 (26.6) | 527 (34.1) | 578 (35.2) | 638 (39.1) | |
Obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | 3008 (46.6) | 959 (58.4) | 781 (47.2) | 702 (42.8) | 566 (35.0) | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132.0(119.0, 144.0) | 127.0(117.0, 141.0) | 131.0(119.0, 144.0) | 133.0(121.0, 145.0) | 136.0(122.0, 148.0) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.0(65.0, 83.0) | 74.0(66.0, 83.0) | 74.0(65.0, 83.0) | 74.0(65.0, 83.0 | 73.0(64.0, 83.0) | 0.087 |
Lead, μg/dL | 1.6(1.1, 2.3) | 0.9(0.7, 1.0) | 1.4(1.3, 1.5) | 2.0(1.8, 2.2) | 3.1(2.7, 3.7) | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | 0.020 | |||||
Mexican American | 980 (15.2) | 279 (5.8) | 244 (5.0) | 233 (5.0) | 224 (5.0) | |
Other Hispanic | 365 (5.7) | 138 (4.1) | 93 (2.6) | 76 (2.8) | 58 (1.9) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 3496 (54.2) | 852 (75.0) | 890 (77.0) | 897 (76.5) | 857 (73.2) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1383 (21.4) | 296 (10.7) | 320 (10.5) | 352 (11.5) | 415 (14.6) | |
Other Race | 229 (3.5) | 59 (4.4) | 56 (4.8) | 57 (4.3) | 57 (5.3) | |
Poverty income ratio, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
< 1.3 | 1866 (28.9) | 472 (19.1) | 415 (15.5) | 451 (18.7) | 528 (22.8) | |
1.3—3.5 | 2601 (40.3) | 632 (36.9) | 638 (38.6) | 649 (37.8) | 682 (42.2) | |
> 3.5 | 1986 (30.8) | 520 (44.0) | 550 (45.9) | 515 (43.5) | 401 (35.0) | |
Education Level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
High school or less | 3626 (56.2) | 827 (41.5) | 855 (44.0) | 930 (50.3) | 1014 (55.4) | |
College or above | 2827 (43.8) | 797 (58.5) | 748 (56.0) | 685 (49.7) | 597 (44.6) | |
Smoker, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5295 (82.1) | 1435 (87.4) | 1368 (84.8) | 1298 (79.5) | 1194 (71.60) | |
Yes | 1158 (17.9) | 189 (12.6) | 235 (15.2) | 317 (20.5) | 417 (28.40) | |
Drinker, n (%) | 0.003 | |||||
No | 2711 (42.0) | 750 (39.2) | 692 (35.8) | 626 (32.1) | 643 (33.7) | |
Yes | 3742 (58.0) | 874 (60.8) | 911 (64.2) | 989 (67.9) | 968 (66.3) | |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate,ml/min/1.73 m 2 | < 0.001 | |||||
< 90 | 3924 (60.8) | 740 (41.9) | 977 (58.9) | 1064 (63.1) | 1143 (69.3) | |
≥ 90 | 2529 (39.2) | 884 (58.1) | 626 (41.1) | 551 (36.9) | 468 (30.7) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 4707 (72.9) | 1086 (73.7) | 1158 (79.3) | 1224 (81.3) | 1239 (81.5) | |
Yes | 1746 (27.1) | 538 (26.3) | 445 (20.7) | 391 (18.7) | 372 (18.5) | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0.180 | |||||
No | 1056 (16.36) | 269 (17.35) | 242 (15.35) | 251 (14.49) | 294 (17.48) | |
Yes | 5397 (83.64) | 1355 (82.65) | 1361 (84.65) | 1364 (85.51) | 1317 (82.52) | |
Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5113 (79.2) | 1385 (88.7) | 1294 (85.0) | 1243 (79.5) | 1191 (76.3) | |
Yes | 1340 (20.8) | 239 (11.3) | 309 (15.0) | 372 (20.5) | 420 (23.7) | |
Cancer, n (%) | 0.130 | |||||
No | 5541 (85.9) | 1425 (87.9) | 1372 (85.8) | 1384 (86.1) | 1360 (84.3) | |
Yes | 912 (14.1) | 199 (12.1) | 231 (14.2) | 231 (13.9) | 251 (15.7) | |
Antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 0.180 | |||||
No | 5387 (83.5) | 1334 (82.3) | 1308 (83.1) | 1346 (83.3) | 1399 (85.8) | |
Yes | 1066 (16.5) | 290 (17.7) | 295 (16.9) | 269 (16.7) | 212 (14.2) | |
Antidiabetic agents, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5291 (82.0) | 1242 (81.9) | 1307 (86.8) | 1345 (87.4) | 1397 (90.6) | |
Yes | 1162 (18.0) | 382 (18.1) | 296 (13.2) | 270 (12.6) | 214 ( 9.4) | |
Antihyperlipidemic agents, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 4300 (66.6) | 1137 (73.4) | 1029 (68.0) | 1045 (66.0) | 1089 (68.1) | |
Yes | 2153 (33.4) | 487 (26.6) | 574 (32.0) | 570 (34.0) | 522 (31.9) | |
Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5987 (92.8) | 1529 (96.3) | 1497 (95.1) | 1482 (92.5) | 1479 (93.3) | |
Yes | 466 (7.2) | 95 (3.7) | 106 (4.9) | 133 (7.5) | 132 (6.7) | |
All cause mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 4510 (69.9) | 1331 (86.5) | 1184 (79.5) | 1106 (74.4) | 889 (61.6) | |
Yes | 1943 (30.1) | 293 (13.5) | 419 (20.5) | 509 (25.6) | 722 (38.4) | |
Cardiovascular disease mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 5900 (91.4) | 1551 (96.4) | 1489 (94.5) | 1466 (92.7) | 1394 (88.8) | |
Yes | 553 (8.6) | 73 ( 3.6) | 114 ( 5.5) | 149 ( 7.3) | 217 (11.2) | |