Table 2 Prevalence rate of congenital birth defect by exposure (cooking fuel type usage) and covariates 2017–2018 in Nepal
Variables | Birth defect among the sub-group | Birth defect per 1000 live born | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Cooking fuel type usage | Â | Â | Â |
Cleaner fuel usage | 93/26,610 | 3.5/1000 | < 0.001 |
Polluting fuel usage | 220/39,790 | 5.5/1000 | |
Indoor ventilation | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 22/6907 | 3.2/1000 | 0.056 |
No | 291/59,806 | 4.9/1000 | |
Maternal age | Â | Â | Â |
< 20 | 35/5,039 | 6.9/1000 | 0.031 |
20–26 | 213/45,664 | 4.7/1000 | |
27–34 | 54/14,049 | 3.8/1000 | |
35 or over | 11/1648 | 6.7/1000 | |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â |
No education | 39/9,421 | 4.1/1000 | 0.573 |
Basic education | 49/10,984 | 4.5/1000 | |
Secondary and higher | 225/45,995 | 4.9/1000 | |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â |
Advantaged | 80/25,503 | 3.1/1000 | < 0.001 |
Disadvantaged | 233/40,897 | 5.7/1000 | |
Household monthly income | Â | Â | Â |
Lowest | 189/28,307 | 6.7/1000 | < 0.001 |
Lower | 23/5,275 | 4.4/1000 | |
Higher | 58/17,120 | 3.4/1000 | |
Highest | 43/15,698 | 2.7/1000 | |
Sex of the child | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 141/36,059 | 3.9/1000 | 0.001 |
Female | 172/30,541 | 5.6/1000 | |
Parity | Â | Â | Â |
0 previous births | 125/32,228 | 3.9/1000 | < 0.001 |
1 previous birth | 112/22,807 | 4.9/1000 | |
2 or more previous births | 76/11,365 | 6.7/1000 | |
Single or multiple pregnancy | Â | Â | Â |
Single | 305/65,801 | 4.6/1000 | 0.002 |
Multiple | 8/599 | 13.4/1000 |