Table 3 Associations of socio-demographic, health status, and lifestyle characteristics with number of habit-forming risk behaviors^a (N = 32,622, reference = 1 risk behavior; NutriNet-Santé cohort; 2021–2022; France)

Sex

0.125

 Female

1

1

 Male

0.92

(0.85–1.00)

0.06

0.89

(0.73–1.07)

0.21

Age category

< 0.001

 18–39 years

0.20

(0.18–0.22)

< 0.001

2.04

(1.62–2.56)

< 0.001

 40–59 years

0.46

(0.42–0.50)

< 0.001

1.32

(1.09–1.60)

0.004

 ≥ 60 years

1

1

Educational level

< 0.001

 Less than high school

1

1

 High school diploma or equivalent

0.90

(0.78–1.04)

0.15

0.99

(0.73–1.34)

0.94

 Some college, undergraduate, graduate degree

0.77

(0.68–0.86)

< 0.001

0.99

(0.76–1.28)

0.91

Type of professional activity

< 0.001

 Mostly sedentary, retired, other^c

0.83

(0.75–0.91)

< 0.001

1.10

(0.88–1.37)

0.39

 Mostly active

1

1

Prior divorce

0.148

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.93

(0.86–1.01)

0.10

0.87

(0.72–1.05)

0.14

Current household financial situation

< 0.001

 Comfortable, good

1

1

 Barely making it, in debt

0.85

(0.78 − 0.94)

< 0.001

1.29

(1.08–1.54)

0.005

Self-perceived health status

< 0.001

 Very good, good

1

1

 Acceptable

0.76

(0.70–0.82)

< 0.001

1.30

(1.09–1.55)

0.003

 Poor or very poor

0.53

(0.46–0.61)

< 0.001

1.70

(1.32–2.20)

< 0.001

Self-perceived dietary quality

< 0.001

 Excellent, very good

1

1

 Good, acceptable

0.63

(0.58–0.68)

< 0.001

1.39

(1.14–1.69)

< 0.001

 Poor

0.20

(0.16–0.26)

< 0.001

2.88

(2.06–4.02)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²) category

< 0.001

 Underweight (< 18.5)

0.95

(0.81–1.12)

0.55

1.46

(1.05–2.04)

0.03

 Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

1

1

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

0.76

(0.70–0.83)

< 0.001

1.18

(0.98–1.43)

0.08

 Obesity (≥ 30.0)

0.54

(0.48–0.60)

< 0.001

1.62

(1.31–1.99)

< 0.001

Tobacco smoking status

< 0.001

 Never smoker

1

1

 Former smoker

0.74

(0.68–0.80)

< 0.001

0.96

(0.80–1.16)

0.69

 Current smoker

0.33

(0.29–0.36)

< 0.001

1.97

(1.62–2.39)

< 0.001

Current e-cigarette use

< 0.001

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.71

(0.59–0.85)

< 0.001

1.09

(0.82–1.44)

0.56

Alcohol use, # glasses/week^d

< 0.001

 0

1

1

 < 2

1.07

(0.96–1.20)

0.19

1.05

(0.80–1.37)

0.74

 2–6

0.63

(0.56–0.70)

< 0.001

1.86

(1.43–2.43)

< 0.001

 ≥ 7

0.05

(0.04–0.06)

< 0.001

2.82

(2.10–3.80)

< 0.001

Lack of affection during childhood

< 0.001

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.58

(0.53–0.63)

< 0.001

1.41

(1.18–1.69)

< 0.001

Self-reported lifetime prevalence or medication use for a mental health condition^e

 No

1

1

< 0.001

 Yes

0.63

(0.58–0.67)

< 0.001

1.46

(1.24–1.73)

< 0.001