Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by frailty status
Characteristics | Total population (n = 5370) | Non-frailty (n = 3852) | Frailty (n = 1518) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 65 | 3110 (57.91%) | 2353 (61.09%) | 757 (49.87%) |  |
 ≥ 65 | 2260 (42.09%) | 1499 (38.91%) | 761 (50.13%) |  |
Gender, n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 2717 (50.60%) | 2032 (52.75%) | 685 (45.13%) |  |
 Female | 2653 (49.40%) | 1820 (47.25%) | 833(54.87%) |  |
Race/ethnicity, n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 1132 (21.08%) | 913 (23.70%) | 219 (14.43%) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 546 (10.17%) | 361 (9.37%) | 185 (12.19%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 1838 (34.23%) | 1280 (33.23%) | 558 (36.76%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 1466 (27.30%) | 1063 (27.60%) | 403 (26.55%) |  |
 Other race including Multi-Racial | 388 (7.23%) | 235 (6.10%) | 153 (10.08%) |  |
Family income-poverty ratio, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 <1.3 | 917 (17.08%) | 593 (13.31%) | 474 (26.50%) |  |
 1.3–2.4 | 2337 (43.52%) | 1836 (41.22%) | 882 (49.33%) |  |
 ≥2.4 | 2116 (39.40%) | 2025 (45.46%) | 433 (24.20%) |  |
Body mass index, n(%) | 29.26 ± 6.40 | 28.56 ± 5.74 | 31.02 ± 7.54 | < 0.001 |
Higher education, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 2801 (52.16%) | 1859 (48.26%) | 942 (62.06%) |  |
 Yes | 2569 (47.84%) | 1993 (51.74%) | 576 (37.94%) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 2610 (48.60%) | 1978 (51.35%) | 632 (41.63%) |  |
 Ever | 1985 (36.96%) | 1366 (35.46%) | 619 (40.78%) |  |
 Now | 775 (14.43%) | 508 (13.19%) | 267 (17.59%) |  |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 No | 3682 (68.57%) | 2685 (69.70%) | 997 (65.68%) |  |
 Yes | 1688 (31.34%) | 1167 (30.30%) | 521 (34.32%) |  |
Hypertension, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 No | 3819 (71.12%) | 2784 (72.27%) | 1035 (68.18%) |  |
 Yes | 1551 (28.88%) | 1068 (27.73%) | 483 (31.82%) |  |
Diabetes, n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 4204 (78.29%) | 3317 (86.11%) | 887 (58.43%) |  |
 No | 991 (18.45%) | 427 (11.09%) | 564 (37.15%) |  |
 Borderline | 175 (3.26%) | 108 (2.80%) | 67 (4.41%) |  |
Physical Activity, n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Very Light Physical Activity | 1709 (31.82%) | 999 (25.93%) | 710 (46.77%) |  |
 Light Physical Activity | 1330 (24.77%) | 955 (24.79%) | 375 (24.70%) |  |
 Medium Physical Activity | 668 (12.44%) | 530 (13.76%) | 138 (9.09%) |  |
 High Physical Activity | 1663 (30.97%) | 1368 (35.51%) | 295 (19.43%) |  |
Serum cotinine (ng/mL), mean ± SD | 54.19 ± 134.16 | 48.68 ± 126.99 | 65.70 ± 145.54 | < 0.001 |
eGFR(mL/min/m), n(%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≥ 90 | 1592 (29.79%) | 1235 (32.22%) | 357 (23.63%) |  |
 60–90 | 2835 (52.79%) | 2109 (54.75%) | 726 (47.83%) |  |
 < 60 | 943 (17.65%) | 508 (13.25%) | 435 (28.79%) |  |