Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for cigarette smoking among Ghanaian men in 2003 and 2008 demographic and health surveys

Age (in years)

P = 0.001

 15–24

1.0

1.0

1.0

 25–34

6.7 (4.2–10.7)

4.4 (2.7–7.3)

5.6 (4.0–7.9)

 35–59

13.2 (8.0–20.7)

8.6 (5.4–13.8)

10.8 (7.8–14.9)

Education

P = 0.026

 Higher education

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Secondary education

1.4 (0.7–2.7)

1.6 (0.7–2.8)

1.6 (1.1–2.5)

 Primary education

0.9 (0.5–1.7)

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

 No education

2.2 (1.2–4.2)

1.6 (0.8–3.2)

2.2 (1.4–3.4)

Occupation

p = 0.099

 Managerial/professional

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Clerical and services

3.0 (1.2–7.4)

3.1 (1.1–8.7)

3.1 (1.6–6.1)

 Manual

5.2 (2.4–11.6)

2.1 (0.8–5.5)

3.7 (2.0–6.8)

 Agriculture

3.4 (1.4–7.9)

4.0 (1.6–10.3)

4.1 (2.2–7.6)

 Not working

5.8 (2.6–13.0)

2.7 (1.1–7.0)

4.2 (2.3–7.6)

Religion

P = 0.228

 Christianity

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Traditional religion

2.1 (1.5–3.0)

1.9 (1.4–2.6)

2.6 (2.1–3.3)

 Muslim

2.6 (1.9–3.5)

2.9 (2.0–4.3)

2.9 (2.0–4.2)

 Other religions

**

2.7 (1.8–4.1)

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

Labour market position

P = 0.898

 Not in labour force

1.0

1.0

1.0

 In labour force

3.0 (1.7–5.2)

2.1 (1.1–4.2)

2.6 (1.7–4.0)

Wealth index

P = 0.041

 Richest

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Richer

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

1.9 (1.2–3.0)

1.3 (1.1–1.8)

 Middle

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

2.8 (1.6–4.6)

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

 Poorer

1.6 (1.0–2.5)

2.5 (1.4–4.5)

1.9 (1.3–2.8)

 Poorest

2.3 (1.4–3.8)

4.8 (2.6–8.6)

3.1 (2.1–4.5)

Place of residence

P = 0.033

 Urban

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Rural

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)