Table 1 Review of sensors

Cardiopulmonary & Vascular Monitoring

Wrist

Ultrasound [29]

Blood pressure

Multi-variable (AMON) [33]

Blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, body temp., heart rhythm

Photoplethysmographic and electrocardiograph [34, 35]

Blood pressure and heart rhythm

Finger (ring sensor)

Optical (heart rate)

Heart rate and temperature

Radio-frequency identification (pulse & temp.) [12]

Arm or thigh

Microwave reflectometric cardiopulmonary [40]

Heart rate variability as a method to evaluate stress

Can be used with various equipment units

Optical absorption sensor

Blood oxygen, heart rate and rhythm, fatigue levels and exercise stress

ECG electrodes [36]

Phone adapter

Single-channel ECG [37]

Heart rate and rhythms

Seat belt of a car

Wire-type strain gauge [41]

Heart rate and respiration rate

Glucose Home Monitoring

Arm

Multi-variable [45]

Blood glucose

Subcutaneous

Glucose [46]

Tissue glucose

Eye

Glucose [48]

Ocular glucose

Neurological Function Monitoring

Clothes

Inertial sensors and accelerometers [32, 51–53]

Walking distance, stride distance, and step count during stair ascent and descent

Visual feedback-glasses

Inertia [49]

Walking speed and stride length

Auditory feedback-headphones

Wrist or ankle

Accelerometer and motion [50]

Seizure activity

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Ankle

Pedometers and accelerometer [10, 55]

Walking distance and step counts