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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample, by cohort

From: The high-cost, type 2 diabetes mellitus patient: an analysis of managed care administrative data

 

Cohort

Top 10% of costs

Bottom 90% of costs

Top 20% of costs

Bottom 80% of costs

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total sample

172,004

 

1,548,037

 

344,019

 

1,376,022

 

Age (years)

        

  < 18

1,194

0.69%

17,232

1.11%

3,469

1.01%

14,957

1.09%

  18-25

1,445

0.84%

17,163

1.11%

3,269

0.95%

15,339

1.11%

  25-34

4,920

2.86%

56,918

3.68%

11,866

3.45%

49,972

3.63%

  35-44

14,922

8.68%

164,584

10.63%

31,878

9.27%

147,628

10.73%

  45-54

40,506

23.55%

359,704

23.24%

80,397

23.37%

319,813

23.24%

  55-64

69,775

40.57%

474,253

30.64%

130,935

38.06%

413,093

30.02%

  ≥ 65

39,168

22.77%

457,026

29.52%

82,028

23.84%

414,166

30.10%

  Missing/unknown

74

0.04%

1,157

0.07%

177

0.05%

1,054

0.08%

  Mean (SD)

57.46

(12.89)

57.61

(14.82)

57.17

(13.66)

57.7

(14.87)

Sex

        

  Male

86,359

50.21%

789,524

51%

164,587

47.84%

711,296

51.69%

  Female

85,630

49.78%

758,425

48.99%

179,402

52.15%

664,653

48.30%

  Missing/unknown

15

0.01%

88

0.01%

30

0.01%

73

0.01%

Geographic region

        

  East

55,618

32.34%

521,500

33.69%

113,485

32.99%

463,633

33.69%

  South

36,130

21.01%

371,487

24%

71,733

20.85%

335,884

24.41%

  Midwest

55,462

32.24%

444,249

28.70%

110,809

32.21%

388,902

28.26%

  West

24,794

14.41%

210,801

13.62%

47,992

13.95%

187,603

13.63%

Health plan type

        

  Health maintenance organization

37,332

21.70%

293,868

18.98%

73,580

21.39%

257,620

18.72%

  Preferred provider organization

96,019

55.82%

873,018

56.40%

190,440

55.36%

778,597

56.58%

  Point of service

23,776

13.82%

178,510

11.53%

45,378

13.19%

156,908

11.40%

  Indemnity

13,218

7.68%

181,335

11.71%

31,063

9.03%

163,490

11.88%

  Missing/unknown

1,659

0.96%

21,306

1.38%

3,558

1.03%

19,407

1.41%

Payer type

        

  Commercial

125,980

73.24%

1,156,587

74.71%

253,795

73.77%

1,028,772

74.76%

  Medicaid

3,154

1.83%

17,382

1.12%

6,019

1.75%

14,517

1.05%

  Medicare

18,213

10.59%

91,170

5.89%

31,044

9.02%

78,339

5.69%

  Self

19,946

11.60%

213,595

13.80%

42,432

12.33%

191,109

13.89%

  Medicare Gap

3,987

2.32%

60,944

3.94%

9,317

2.71%

55,614

4.04%

  Missing/unknown

724

0.42%

8,359

0.54%

1,412

0.41%

7,671

0.56%

CCI Scorea

        

  Mean (SD)

4.27 (3.04)

 

2.07 (1.68)

 

3.66 (2.75)

 

1.95 (1.55)

 

  CCI < 2

32,217

18.73%

879,610

56.82%

88,195

25.64%

823,632

59.86

  CCI ≥ 2

139,787

81.27%

668,427

43.18%

255,824

74.36%

552,390

40.14

  Charlson comorbidities

        

  Myocardial infarction

20,594

11.97%

32,411

2.09%

29,040

8.44%

23,965

1.74%

  Congestive heart failure

36,022

20.94%

84,121

5.43%

55,756

16.21%

64,387

4.68%

  Peripheral vascular disease

21,069

12.25%

68,687

4.44%

34,510

10.03%

55,246

4.01%

  Cardiovascular disease

31,358

18.23%

109,220

7.06%

53,770

15.63%

86,808

6.31%

  Dementia

2,419

1.41%

11,390

0.74%

4,765

1.39%

9,044

0.66%

  Chronic pulmonary disease

49,776

28.94%

213,749

13.81%

89,955

26.15%

173,570

12.61%

  Rheumatological disease

8,821

5.13%

30,566

1.97%

15,119

4.39%

24,268

1.76%

  Peptic ulcer disease

5,174

3.01%

13,678

0.88%

8,643

2.51%

10,209

0.74%

  Mild liver disease

3,654

2.12%

6,305

0.41%

5,380

1.56%

4,579

0.33%

  Diabetes without chronic complications

169,829

98.74%

1,525,023

98.51%

339,677

98.74%

1,355,175

98.48%

  Diabetes with chronic complications

45,140

26.24%

219,433

14.17%

83,992

24.41%

180,581

13.12%

  Paraplegia

3,765

2.19%

4,538

0.29%

5,139

1.49%

3,164

0.23%

  Renal impairment

17,789

10.34%

29,344

1.90%

26,180

7.61%

20,953

1.52%

  Cancer

34,466

20.04%

101,118

6.53%

54,085

15.72%

81,499

5.92%

  Severe liver disease

39,130

22.75%

113,367

7.32%

66,117

19.22%

86,380

6.28%

  Metastatic cancer

9,830

5.71%

7,726

0.50%

12,346

3.59%

5,210

0.38%

  HIV/AIDS

1,094

0.64%

2,050

0.13%

1,693

0.49%

1,451

0.11%

Antidiabetic agents received on Index

        

  Glucagon-like peptide-1

991

0.58%

7,500

0.48%

2,390

0.69%

6,101

0.44%

  Dipeptidyl peptidase-4

629

0.37%

6,071

0.39%

1,291

0.38%

5,409

0.39%

  Biguanides

21,285

12.37%

218,752

14.13%

46,060

13.39%

193,977

14.10%

  Sulfonylureas

14,169

8.24%

122,570

7.92%

29,290

8.51%

107,449

7.81%

  Thiazolidinedione

9,976

5.80%

85,809

5.54%

23,079

6.71%

72,706

5.28%

  Meglitinides

1,045

0.61%

7,266

0.47%

2,491

0.72%

5,820

0.42%

  Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

187

0.11%

1,435

0.09%

460

0.13%

1,162

0.08%

  Insulin

14,220

8.27%

70,542

4.56%

29,921

8.70%

54,841

3.99%

  Other antidiabetic agents

8,689

5.05%

79,749

5.15%

19,045

5.54%

69,393

5.04%

  1. CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; SD = standard deviation.
  2. aCCI score calculated in the 1-year post-index date period.