From: The high-cost, type 2 diabetes mellitus patient: an analysis of managed care administrative data
Variable | Cohort | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top 10% of all-cause costs | Top 20% of all-cause costs | |||||||
Odds ratio | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Pvalue | Odds ratio | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Pvalue | |
Age, in years (vs. 55+ years) | ||||||||
< 35 | 1.128 | 1.098 | 1.159 | < 0.0001 | 1.311 | 1.286 | 1.337 | < 0.0001 |
35-44 | 1.063 | 1.043 | 1.085 | < 0.0001 | 1.094 | 1.078 | 1.110 | < 0.0001 |
45-54 | 1.200 | 1.184 | 1.216 | < 0.0001 | 1.179 | 1.167 | 1.191 | < 0.0001 |
Female (vs. male) | 1.023 | 1.012 | 1.034 | < 0.0001 | 1.175 | 1.165 | 1.184 | < 0.0001 |
Geographic region (vs. East) | ||||||||
South | 0.814 | 0.800 | 0.827 | < 0.0001 | 0.763 | 0.754 | 0.773 | < 0.0001 |
Midwest | 1.166 | 1.150 | 1.183 | < 0.0001 | 1.156 | 1.144 | 1.168 | < 0.0001 |
West | 1.107 | 1.088 | 1.128 | < 0.0001 | 1.047 | 1.033 | 1.062 | < 0.0001 |
Health plan type (vs. health maintenance organization) | ||||||||
Preferred provider organization | 1.091 | 1.074 | 1.108 | < 0.0001 | 1.041 | 1.029 | 1.054 | < 0.0001 |
Point of service | 1.141 | 1.119 | 1.163 | < 0.0001 | 1.080 | 1.063 | 1.096 | < 0.0001 |
Indemnity | 0.510 | 0.499 | 0.521 | < 0.0001 | 0.608 | 0.598 | 0.618 | < 0.0001 |
Payer type (vs. commercial) | ||||||||
Medicaid | 1.221 | 1.170 | 1.274 | < 0.0001 | 1.198 | 1.157 | 1.239 | < 0.0001 |
Medicare or Medicare Gap | 1.070 | 1.050 | 1.089 | < 0.0001 | 0.978 | 0.964 | 0.992 | 0.0024 |
Self | 0.885 | 0.868 | 0.902 | < 0.0001 | 0.967 | 0.953 | 0.981 | < 0.0001 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥ 2 (vs. < 2) | 4.896 | 4.832 | 4.961 | < 0.0001 | 3.908 | 3.873 | 3.944 | < 0.0001 |
Renal impairment diagnosis (vs. no renal impairment diagnosis) | 2.368 | 2.333 | 2.404 | < 0.0001 | 2.179 | 2.150 | 2.208 | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension diagnosis (vs. no hypertension diagnosis) | 1.625 | 1.602 | 1.648 | < 0.0001 | 1.519 | 1.504 | 1.535 | < 0.0001 |
Obesity diagnosis (vs. no obesity diagnosis) | 2.106 | 2.076 | 2.13741 | < 0.0001 | 2.033 | 2.009 | 2.056 | < 0.0001 |
Antidiabetic treatment (vs. no treatment) | ||||||||
Received insulin | 2.098 | 2.068 | 2.128 | < 0.0001 | 2.744 | 2.7142 | 2.775 | < 0.0001 |
Received oral antidiabetic agents only | 1.110 | 1.097 | 1.124 | < 0.0001 | 1.283 | 1.271 | 1.294 | < 0.0001 |