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Table 2 Predictors of being an HC T2DM patient, among all patients with T2DM a

From: The high-cost, type 2 diabetes mellitus patient: an analysis of managed care administrative data

Variable

Cohort

Top 10% of all-cause costs

Top 20% of all-cause costs

Odds ratio

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

Pvalue

Odds ratio

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

Pvalue

Age, in years (vs. 55+ years)

        

  < 35

1.128

1.098

1.159

< 0.0001

1.311

1.286

1.337

< 0.0001

  35-44

1.063

1.043

1.085

< 0.0001

1.094

1.078

1.110

< 0.0001

  45-54

1.200

1.184

1.216

< 0.0001

1.179

1.167

1.191

< 0.0001

Female (vs. male)

1.023

1.012

1.034

< 0.0001

1.175

1.165

1.184

< 0.0001

Geographic region (vs. East)

        

  South

0.814

0.800

0.827

< 0.0001

0.763

0.754

0.773

< 0.0001

  Midwest

1.166

1.150

1.183

< 0.0001

1.156

1.144

1.168

< 0.0001

  West

1.107

1.088

1.128

< 0.0001

1.047

1.033

1.062

< 0.0001

Health plan type (vs. health maintenance organization)

        

  Preferred provider organization

1.091

1.074

1.108

< 0.0001

1.041

1.029

1.054

< 0.0001

  Point of service

1.141

1.119

1.163

< 0.0001

1.080

1.063

1.096

< 0.0001

  Indemnity

0.510

0.499

0.521

< 0.0001

0.608

0.598

0.618

< 0.0001

Payer type (vs. commercial)

        

  Medicaid

1.221

1.170

1.274

< 0.0001

1.198

1.157

1.239

< 0.0001

  Medicare or Medicare Gap

1.070

1.050

1.089

< 0.0001

0.978

0.964

0.992

0.0024

  Self

0.885

0.868

0.902

< 0.0001

0.967

0.953

0.981

< 0.0001

Charlson Comorbidity Index score ≥ 2 (vs. < 2)

4.896

4.832

4.961

< 0.0001

3.908

3.873

3.944

< 0.0001

Renal impairment diagnosis (vs. no renal impairment diagnosis)

2.368

2.333

2.404

< 0.0001

2.179

2.150

2.208

< 0.0001

Hypertension diagnosis (vs. no hypertension diagnosis)

1.625

1.602

1.648

< 0.0001

1.519

1.504

1.535

< 0.0001

Obesity diagnosis (vs. no obesity diagnosis)

2.106

2.076

2.13741

< 0.0001

2.033

2.009

2.056

< 0.0001

Antidiabetic treatment (vs. no treatment)

        

  Received insulin

2.098

2.068

2.128

< 0.0001

2.744

2.7142

2.775

< 0.0001

  Received oral antidiabetic agents only

1.110

1.097

1.124

< 0.0001

1.283

1.271

1.294

< 0.0001

  1. CI = confidence interval; HC = high cost; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  2. a28,100 patients were excluded from the regression analysis because they were missing age, sex, health plan, or payer information.