Table 4 Summary of diabetes-related health care utilization and costs during the 12-month follow-up period, by cohort

Diabetes-related inpatient stays

  Had ≥ 1 hospital admission (n, %)

30,310

17.62%

27,729

1.79%

41,220

11.98%

16,819

1.22%

  Mean number of hospital admissions (SD)

0.23

(0.60)

0.02

(0.15)

0.15

(0.48)

0.01

(0.12)

  Mean (SD) inpatient days^a

6.93

(10.48)

4.29

(7.60)

6.28

(9.68)

4.17

(8.16)

  Mean costs (SD)

$677

($5,515)

$20

($331)

$387

($3,953)

$10

($194)

Diabetes-related SNF stays (n, %)

  Had ≥ 1 SNF admission

1,802

1.05%

1,405

0.09%

2,468

0.72%

739

0.05%

  Mean number of SNF admissions (SD)

0.01

(0.14)

0.00

(0.04)

0.01

(0.12)

0.00

(0.03)

  Mean (SD) SNF days^a

12.96

(31.56)

22.29

(139.07)

17.53

(105.76)

15.41

(43.85)

  Mean costs (SD)

$14

($424)

$1

($76)

$9

($332)

$0

($37)

Diabetes-related ED visits

  Had ≥ 1 ED visit (n, %)

39,813

23.15%

132,909

8.59%

70,699

20.55%

102,023

7.41%

  Mean number of ED visits (SD)

1.36

(5.88)

0.38

(2.37)

1.14

(5.03)

0.31

(2.07)

  Mean costs (SD)

$232

($1,003)

$42

($277)

$182

($825)

$31

($204)

Diabetes-related office visits

  Had ≥ 1 office visit (n, %)

137,104

79.71%

1,273,378

82.26%

277,094

80.55%

1,133,388

82.37%

  Mean number of office visits (SD)

4.28

(4.59)

3.42

(3.32)

4.23

(4.39)

3.33

(3.18)

  Mean costs (SD)

$469

($1,290)

$245

($357)

$424

($1,002)

$228

($314)

Diabetes-related pharmacy

  Had ≥ 1 prescription (n, %)

107,729

62.63%

818,451

52.87%

219,248

63.73%

706,932

51.38%

  Mean number of prescriptions (SD)

6.98

(8.57)

5.49

(7.72)

7.29

(8.78)

5.22

(7.51)

  Mean costs (SD)

$636

($1,660)

$356

($806)

$702

($1,511)

$304

($694)

Diabetes-related outpatient hospital visits

  Had ≥ 1outpatient visit (n, %)

69,070

40.16%

411,072

26.55%

131,277

38.16%

348,865

25.35%

  Mean number of outpatient visits (SD)

6.18

(18.89)

2.46

(7.63)

5.23

(16.47)

2.23

(6.49)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$1,204

($5,433)

$145

($652)

$849

($4,007)

$101

($408)

Diabetes-related laboratory services

  Had ≥ 1 laboratory service (n, %)

51,096

29.71%

439,858

28.41%

101,715

29.57%

389,239

28.29%

  Mean number of laboratory services (SD)

3.52

(9.92)

2.76

(6.48)

3.35

(8.82)

2.71

(6.32)

  Mean (SD) total costs

$48

($204)

$29

($90)

$43

($169)

$28

($85)

Diabetes-related OOP services

  Had ≥ 1 OOP service (n, %)

80,576

46.85%

414,844

26.80%

147,877

42.99%

347,543

25.26%

  Mean number of OOP services (SD)

8.11

(24.22)

2.29

(7.32)

6.33

(19.66)

2.01

(6.09)

  Mean costs (SD)

$1,842

($7,754)

$147

($659)

$1,182

($5,634)

$100

($398)

Diabetes-related total health care utilization

  Had ≥ 1 medical encounter (n, %)

168,326

97.86%

1,541,265

99.56%

338,383

98.36%

1,371,208

99.65%

  Mean number of encounters (SD)

30.68

(37.16)

16.83

(16.26)

27.72

(31.67)

15.84

(14.58)

  Mean costs (SD)

$5,121

($11,575)

$985

($1,469)

$3,780

($8,530)

$803

($1,065)