From: Drainage systems, an occluded source of sanitation related outbreaks
Microorganism | Reservoir | Location | References |
---|---|---|---|
SARS | Dry U-traps | Community, Amoy Garden, Hong Kong | WHO [8] |
Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Faulty drains | Hospital-wide and medical unit, England | Breathnach et al. [7] |
Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae | Sink drains | ICU, Melbourne, Australia | Kotsanas et al. [9] |
Several different fungi | Drains in bathrooms Drains in kitchen sinks | Community, Osaka, Japan | Hamada et al. [10] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Sink drains Whirlpool drains | ICU at Burn hospital, Cincinnati, OH | Edmonds et al. [11] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Sink drains | Medical-Surgical ICU, Chicago, IL | Levin et al. [12] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Toilets | Out patients, Tübingen, Germany | Döring et al. [13] |
Fusarium spp. | Plumbing drains | 131 buildings from 8 states, US | Short et al. [6] |
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae | Sink drains | Cardiac-Surgical ICU, France | Kac et al. [14] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Sink drains | Hematology unit, Lund, Sweden | Dagens Nyheter [15] |
ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae | Sink drains | Neurosurgical ICU, Uppsala, Sweden | Starlander et al. [5] |
Klebsiella pneumonia Carbapenem resistant | Sink drains | ICU, Sørlandet, Norway | Tofteland et al. [16] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Drains | ICU, Edinburgh, UK | Gillespie et al. [17] |
ESBL Enterobacteriaceae | Sink drains | ICU, Tours, France | Roux et al. [18] |
Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa | Unsealed drain | Urology ward, Barcelona, Spain | Peña et al. [19] |
P. aeruginosa with unusual antibiogram | Drains | Neurosurgery ICU, Clichy, France | Bert et al. [20] |
ESBL Klebsiella oxytoca | Sink drains | Hospital, Toronto, Canada | Lowe et al. [21] |
Foot Mouth Disease virus | Leaking drains | Community, Pirbright, UK | HSE [22] |
P. aeruginosa | Grooved drainage design | Haemotology, Singapore | Ling and How [23] |
Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella oxytoca | Drainpipes, traps | ICU, Spain | Vergeres -Lopez et al. [24] |