1st author, year of publication | Name of study | Examined food or antioxidant | Dietary assessment | Participants’ country of origin | Year of data collection | Month of data collection | Sample size | Response rate (%) | Females (%) | Age range or mean (years) | Sampling method | Basis of sample | Quality score* (max:18) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. DIETARY SURVEYS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kromhout 1989 [22] | Seven Countries Study | Fruits, vegetables | 7d record | CEE: | Yugoslavia | 1960-64 | Jan-May, Sep | 150 | nd | 0 | 40-59 | random | farm/factory workers, academics | 9 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland, Italy, Greece Netherlands | 1959-65 | Feb-Sep | 286 | nd | 0 | 40-59 | random | village inhabitants, railroad workers |  |
Winkler 1992(31] | Â | Fruits, vegetables | 3d record | CEE: | GDR | 1987 | Oct-Dec | 132 | 73 | 0 | 45-64 | random | urban inhabitants | 11 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | FDR | 1984-85 | Oct-May | 424 | 70 | 0 | 45-64 | cluster | urban inhabitants |  |
Schroll 1996 [23] | SENECA | Fruits, vegetables | Diet history | CEE: | Poland | 1993 | Jan-Jun | 120 | 51†| 61 | 74-79 | random | urban inhabitants | 13 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK, Switzerland | 1993 | Jan-Jun | 1237 | 51†| 51 | 74-79 | random | urban inhabitants |  |
Karamanos 2002 [24] | Â | Fruits, vegetables | Diet history | CEE: | Bulgaria | nd | nd | 288 | nd | 50 | 35-60 | random | urban inhabitants | 14 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Italy, Greece | nd | nd | 1058 | nd | 54 | 35-60 | random | urban and rural inhabitants |  |
Serra-Majem 2003 [25] | WHO-CINDI | Fruits, vegetables | 24hr recall | CEE: | Poland | 1991-94 | nd | 4440 | nd | 50 | 20-65 | random | factory workers | 14 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Spain | 1992 | nd | 2757 | 69 | nd | 6-75 | random | general population |  |
Petkeviciene 2009 [26] | NORBAGREEN | Fruits, vegetables | FFQ | CEE: | Lithuania | 2002 | Apr | 99 | 68 | 57 | 19-75 | random | general population | 15 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland | 2002 | Jan-May | 125 | 91 | nd | 25-64 | random | general population |  |
Lixandru 2010 [32] | Â | Fruits, vegetables | FFQ | CEE: | Romania | 2005 | Apr-Nov | 40 | nd | 30 | 63 | convenience | diabetic patients | 12 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Belgium | 2005 | Apr-Nov | 30 | nd | 20 | 62 | convenience | diabetic patients |  |
Paalanen 2011 [33] | Â | Fruits, vegetables | FFQ | CEE: | Russia | 1992-07 | Mar-May | 2672 | 45-92 | 57 | 25-64 | random | general population | 16 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland | 1992-02 | Mar-May | 4365 | 67-81 | 53 | 25-64 | random | general population |  |
Crispim 2011 [34] | EFCOVAL | Fruits, vegetables | 24hr recall | CEE: | Czech Republic | 2007-08 | Oct-Apr | 118 | nd | 51 | 45-65 | convenience | healthy individuals | 16 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Belgium, France, Norway Netherlands, | 2007-08 | Apr-Jul, Oct-Apr | 482 | nd | 50 | 45-65 | convenience | healthy individuals |  |
El Ansari 2012 [35] | CNSHS | Fruits, vegetables | FFQ | CEE: | Bulgaria, Poland | 2005 | nd | 1143 | 95 | 70 | 21 | convenience | university students | 14 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Denmark, Germany | 2005 | nd | 1236 | 85-92 | 53 | 21 | convenience | university students |  |
2. HEALTH BEHAVIOUR SURVEYS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wardle 1997 [36] | EHBS | Fruits | na | CEE: | Poland, Hungary, GDR | 1989-92 | nd | 2293 | 90-100 | 51 | 22 | convenience | university students | 13 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Austria, Belgium, FDR, UK Denmark, Finland, Spain, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Switzerland | 1989-92 | nd | 14192 | 90-100 | 56 | 21 | convenience | university students |  |
Prattala 2007 [37] | Finbalt Health Monitor project | Fruits | na | CEE: | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania | 1998-02 | Apr-May | 15740 | 62-80 | 57 | 20-64 | random | general population | 16 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland | 1998-02 | Apr-May | 9354 | 65-70 | 53 | 20-64 | random | general population |  |
Prattala 2009 [38] | EUROTHIENE | Vegetables | na | CEE: | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania | 2000-04 | nd | 14219 | 60-73 | 58 | 20-64 | random | general population | 15 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland, Denmark, Spain, Germany, France, Italy | 1998-04 | nd | 86924 | 61-87 | 51 | 20-64 | random | general population |  |
Hall 2009 [39] | WHS | Fruits, vegetables | na | CEE: | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine | 2002-03 | nd | 22475 | 69-100 | 53 | 18-99 | random | general population | 15 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Spain | 2002-03 | nd | 5448 | 86 | 60 | 18-99 | random | general population |  |
European Commission 2013 [40] | EHIS | Fruits, vegetables | na | CEE: | Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia | 2006-09 | nd | 85921 | 56-89 | 53 | 15-99 | random | general population | na |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Belgium, Greece, Spain, France | 2006-09 | nd | 62700 | 60-96 | 55 | 15-99 | random | general population |  |
Burisch 2014 [41] | ECCO-EpiCom | Fruits, Vegetables | na | CEE: | Croatia, Czech Rep, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Russia | 2010 | Jan-Dec | 249 | 76†| 42 | 15+ | convenience | IBD patients (at diagnosis) | 16 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK | 2010 | Jan-Dec | 933 | 76†| 46 | 15+ | convenience | IBD patients (at diagnosis) |  |
3. ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kardinaal 1993 [29] | EURAMIC | Beta-carotene in adipose tissue | na | CEE: | Russia | 1991-92 | nd | 200 | 79-97 | 0 | 51 | convenience | hospital patients, healthy controls | 16 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, UK, Spain, Switzerland | 1991-92 | nd | 1180 | 50-98 | 0 | 54 | convenience | hospital patients, healthy controls |  |
Kristenson 1997 [42] | LiVicordia | Beta-carotene in plasma | na | CEE: | Lithuania | 1993-94 | Oct-Jun | 100 | 83 | 0 | 50 | random | urban inhabitants | 14 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Sweden | 1993-94 | Oct-Jun | 95 | 83 | 0 | 50 | random | urban inhabitants |  |
Bobak 1998 [27] | Â | Beta-carotene in plasma | na | CEE: | Czech Republic | 1992 | Sep-Nov | 136 | 70 | 49 | 40-59 | random | urban inhabitants | 14 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | UK | 1991-93 | nd | 358 | 73 | 31 | 40-59 | random | civil servants |  |
Bobak 1999 [43] | Â | Beta-carotene in plasma | na | CEE: | Czech Republic | 1995 | Apr-Jun | 188 | 70 | 0 | 45-64 | random | general population | 17 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Germany | 1995 | Apr-Jun | 153 | 70 | 0 | 45-64 | random | general population |  |
Miere 2007 [44] | Â | Vitamin C intake | 24h recall | CEE: | Romania | nd | nd | 312 | nd | 87 | 21 | convenience | university students | 8 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Spain | nd | nd | 918 | nd | 58 | 22 | convenience | university students |  |
Woodside 2013 [45] | EUREYE | Vitamin C and Beta-carotene in plasma | na | CEE: | Estonia | 2000-03 | nd | 833 | 58.6 | 66 | 65+ | random | general population | 15 |
 |  |  |  | WE: | Norway, UK, France, Italy, Greece, Spain | 2000-03 | nd | 3300 | 36-56 | 52 | 65+ | random | general population |  |