Table 1 Characteristics of participants
Men | Women | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 ~ 49 years | 50 ~ 59 years | 60 ~ 64 years | p | 40 ~ 49 years | 50 ~ 59 years | 60 ~ 64 years | p | |||||||||
n = 298 (26.8 %) | n = 505 (45.4 %) | n = 309 (27.8 %) | n = 373 (26.7 %) | n = 611 (43.8 %) | n = 411 (29.5 %) | |||||||||||
Socioeconomic status | (SES) | |||||||||||||||
Equivalent income (03EI) | <1 million yen | n (%) | 35 | 11.7 % | 69 | 13.7 % | 62 | 20.1 % | *** | 78 | 20.9 % | 143 | 23.4 % | 136 | 33.1 % | *** |
1million-3million yen | 94 | 31.5 % | 164 | 32.5 % | 157 | 50.8 % | 125 | 33.5 % | 234 | 38.3 % | 180 | 43.8 % | ||||
3million-5million yen | 116 | 38.9 % | 147 | 29.1 % | 52 | 16.8 % | 105 | 28.2 % | 140 | 22.9 % | 67 | 16.3 % | ||||
5million-7million yen | 50 | 16.8 % | 99 | 19.6 % | 23 | 7.4 % | 61 | 16.4 % | 79 | 12.9 % | 18 | 4.4 % | ||||
>7million yen | 3 | 1.0 % | 26 | 5.1 % | 15 | 4.9 % | 4 | 1.1 % | 15 | 2.5 % | 10 | 2.4 % | ||||
Family structure | Single | n (%) | 40 | 13.5 % | 58 | 11.5 % | 37 | 12.1 % | *** | 22 | 5.9 % | 49 | 8.0 % | 54 | 13.1 % | *** |
Husband and wife | 25 | 8.4 % | 86 | 17.0 % | 83 | 27.0 % | 27 | 7.2 % | 106 | 17.4 % | 127 | 30.9 % | ||||
Parents-and-children | 123 | 41.4 % | 192 | 38.0 % | 92 | 30.0 % | 174 | 46.6 % | 243 | 39.8 % | 122 | 29.7 % | ||||
Others | 109 | 36.7 % | 169 | 33.5 % | 95 | 30.9 % | 150 | 40.2 % | 212 | 34.8 % | 108 | 26.3 % | ||||
Employment patterns | Full‐time | n (%) | 261 | 87.6 % | 431 | 85.9 % | 194 | 63.0 % | *** | 165 | 44.4 % | 255 | 41.9 % | 118 | 28.7 % | *** |
Part-time | 21 | 7.0 % | 44 | 8.8 % | 54 | 17.5 % | 128 | 34.4 % | 208 | 34.2 % | 126 | 30.7 % | ||||
Full‐time housewife | 0 | 0 % | 0 | 0 % | 0 | 0 % | 68 | 18.3 % | 125 | 20.5 % | 128 | 31.1 % | ||||
Out of employment | 16 | 5.4 % | 27 | 5.4 % | 60 | 19.5 % | 11 | 3.0 % | 21 | 3.4 % | 39 | 9.5 % | ||||
Dietary quality | (03DQ) | |||||||||||||||
Dietary content | PFDS | mean ± SD* | 18.4 ± 3.3 | (10.0-28.0) | 17.6 ± 3.4 | (8.0-26.0) | 17.5 ± 3.4 | (10.0-26.0) | ** | 20.0 ± 3.4 | (10.0-28.0) | 19.3 ± 3.3 | (10.0-26.0) | 19.1 ± 3.4 | (9.0-26.0) | *** |
Eating behavior | Eating behavior score | mean ± SD* | 4.9 ± 1.4 | (0.0-8.0) | 5.1 ± 1.4 | (1.0-8.0) | 5.3 ± 1.2 | (1.0-8.0) | *** | 6.2 ± 1.3 | (1.0-8.0) | 6.2 ± 1.2 | (2.0-8.0) | 6.3 ± 1.2 | (1.0-8.0) | n.s |
Desirable eating behavior | 2.2 ± 1.2 | (0.0-5.0) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | (0.0-5.0) | 2.6 ± 1.0 | (0.0-5.0) | *** | 3.4 ± 1.1 | (0.0-5.0) | 3.5 ± 1.0 | (0.0-5.0) | 3.5 ± 1.0 | (0.0-5.0) | n.s | ||
Undesirable eating behavior | 2.7 ± 0.6 | (0.0-3.0) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | (0.0-3.0) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | (0.0-3.0) | n.s | 2.8 ± 0.5 | (0.0-3.0) | 2.8 ± 0.5 | (0.0-3.0) | 2.8 ± 0.5 | (0.0-3.0) | n.s | ||
Emotional well-being | (03EWB) | |||||||||||||||
Enjoyment & ikigai | 0 | n (%) | 22 | 7.4 % | 44 | 8.7 % | 17 | 5.5 % | n.s | 13 | 3.5 % | 22 | 3.6 % | 13 | 3.2 % | n.s |
1 | 39 | 13.1 % | 68 | 13.5 % | 42 | 13.6 % | 33 | 8.8 % | 51 | 8.3 % | 33 | 8.0 % | ||||
2 | 74 | 24.8 % | 109 | 21.6 % | 79 | 25.6 % | 70 | 18.8 % | 118 | 19.3 % | 70 | 17.0 % | ||||
3 | 153 | 51.3 % | 270 | 53.5 % | 160 | 51.8 % | 230 | 61.7 % | 383 | 62.7 % | 281 | 68.4 % | ||||
4 | 5 | 1.7 % | 12 | 2.4 % | 10 | 3.2 % | 19 | 5.1 % | 27 | 4.4 % | 9 | 2.2 % | ||||
5 | 3 | 1.0 % | 1 | 0.2 % | 1 | 0.32 % | 7 | 1.9 % | 9 | 1.5 % | 5 | 1.2 % | ||||
6 | 2 | 0.7 % | 1 | 0.2 % | 0 | 0 % | 1 | 0.3 % | 1 | 0.2 % | 0 | 0 % | ||||
Enjoyment & ikigai score | mean ± SD* | 2.3 ± 1.0 | (0.0-6.0) | 2.3 ± 1.0 | (0.0-6.0) | 2.3 ± 1.0 | (0.0-5.0) | n.s | 2.6 ± 0.9 | (0.0-6.0) | 2.6 ± 0.9 | (0.0-6.0) | 2.6 ± 0.8 | (0.0-5.0) | n.s | |
Close people | Many close people | n (%) | 30 | 10.1 % | 45 | 9.0 % | 23 | 7.5 % | n.s | 44 | 11.9 % | 54 | 8.9 % | 31 | 7.5 % | n.s |
Several close people | 160 | 53.7 % | 277 | 55.3 % | 162 | 52.9 % | 247 | 66.6 % | 425 | 69.8 % | 283 | 68.9 % | ||||
Almost no close person | 78 | 26.2 % | 147 | 29.3 % | 85 | 27.8 % | 71 | 19.1 % | 100 | 16.4 % | 76 | 18.5 % | ||||
No close person | 30 | 10.1 % | 32 | 6.4 % | 36 | 11.8 % | 9 | 2.4 % | 30 | 4.9 % | 21 | 5.1 % | ||||
Close people score | mean ± SD* | 2.6 ± 0.8 | (1.0-4.0) | 2.7 ± 0.7 | (1.0-4.0) | 2.6 ± 0.8 | (1.0-4.0) | n.s | 2.9 ± 0.6 | (1.0-4.0) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | (1.0-4.0) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | (1.0-4.0) | n.s | |
Five-year subjective | health (5yrSH) | |||||||||||||||
Subjective health (SH) in 2003 | Healthy | n (%) | 93 | 31.4 % | 163 | 32.5 % | 96 | 31.7 % | n.s | 123 | 33.0 % | 177 | 29.2 % | 118 | 29.1 % | n.s |
Somewhat healthy | 163 | 55.1 % | 274 | 54.7 % | 178 | 58.7 % | 207 | 55.5 % | 358 | 59.0 % | 226 | 55.8 % | ||||
Somewhat unhealthy | 29 | 9.8 % | 46 | 9.2 % | 23 | 7.6 % | 35 | 9.4 % | 55 | 9.1 % | 37 | 9.1 % | ||||
Unhealthy | 11 | 3.7 % | 18 | 3.6 % | 6 | 2.0 % | 8 | 2.1 % | 17 | 2.8 % | 24 | 5.9 % | ||||
Subjective health (SH) in 2008 | Healthy | n (%) | 86 | 29.1 % | 146 | 29.1 % | 107 | 34.7 % | n.s | 99 | 27.0 % | 149 | 24.5 % | 112 | 27.3 % | n.s |
Somewhat healthy | 170 | 57.4 % | 284 | 56.7 % | 169 | 54.9 % | 212 | 57.9 % | 383 | 63.0 % | 241 | 58.8 % | ||||
Somewhat unhealthy | 34 | 11.5 % | 48 | 9.6 % | 26 | 8.4 % | 48 | 13.1 % | 62 | 10.2 % | 38 | 9.3 % | ||||
Unhealthy | 6 | 2.0 % | 23 | 4.6 % | 6 | 1.9 % | 7 | 1.9 % | 14 | 2.3 % | 19 | 4.6 % | ||||