Study or Subgroup | No. of studies | Prevalence (95% CI) (%) | N | Heterogeneity test | Publication bias test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | P | P (Begg’s test) | P (Egger’s test) | ||||
Fixed Effect Model | 18 | 26.34 (25.93, 26.75) | 42,618 | 99.1 | < 0.001 | 0.602 | 0.294 |
Random Effect Model | 18 | 25.64 (20.97, 30.30) | 42,618 | 99.1 | < 0.001 | 0.602 | 0.294 |
Sex (Male) | 9 | 24.99 (19.70, 30.28) | 17,670 | 98.3 | < 0.001 | 0.835 | 0.752 |
Sex (Female) | 10 | 24.76 (16.76, 32.76) | 17,298 | 99.3 | < 0.001 | 0.421 | 0.858 |
Urban | 16 | 26.61 (21.80, 31.42) | 17,224 | 98.4 | < 0.001 | 0.787 | 0.308 |
Rural | 4 | 21.03 (10.18, 31.87) | 25,394 | 99.8 | < 0.001 | 0.497 | 0.393 |
Study years (1990s) | 2 | 19.55 (18.07, 21.05) | 9593 | 38.9 | 0.201 | 0.317 | – |
Study years (2000s) | 9 | 23.95 (16.60, 31.30) | 13,343 | 98.9 | < 0.001 | 0.532 | 0.57 |
Study years (2010s) | 7 | 29.95 (24.13, 35.77) | 19,682 | 97.8 | < 0.001 | 0.652 | 0.325 |
Local journal | 8 | 23.32 (18.9, 27.74) | 3366 | 88.6 | < 0.001 | 0.805 | 0.762 |
International journal | 10 | 27.44 (20.97, 33.91) | 39,252 | 99.5 | < 0.001 | 0.929 | 0.755 |
Small Studies | 10 | 23.27 (22.03, 24.50) | 10,831 | 87.9 | < 0.001 | 0.788 | 0.855 |
Medium Studies | 5 | 32.65 (31.79, 33.52) | 4420 | 99.1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.737 |
Large studies | 3 | 24.73 (24.23, 25.23) | 27,367 | 99.8 | < 0.001 | 0.117 | 0.573 |