Table 2 Overview of indicator data on environmental exposure, health and data of human biomarkers that are available for environmental health research
From: Environmental health surveillance in a future European health information system
Indicators and/or relevant information within European programs | Biomarkers | POPs: dioxins furans, PCBs | Metals: lead, arsenic, mercury cadmium | Biocides: pesticides, herbicides fungicides | Flame retardants: polybrominated/fluorinated diphenyl ethers, organochlorines, organophosphates | Plasticizers/plastic compounds: (bis-) phenols, phthalates | Coatings: perfluorinated compounds | Personal care products: Polycyclic musks, disinfectants, trihalomethans, sunscreens | Smoking: Cotinine and metabolites | VOCs and VOCs: benzene, PAHs | Acrylamide & metabolites | Mycotoxins aflatoxin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBM EXPOSURE BIOMARKERS | ||||||||||||
EXPOSURE ROUTE | ||||||||||||
Outdoor air | ||||||||||||
Emission of acidifying substances, O3, prim.PM, sec.PM (EEA), PM10(ENHIS) | x | |||||||||||
Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas (EEA) | x | |||||||||||
Particulate matter exposure PM10 (ECHI55) | x | x | ||||||||||
Indoor air | ||||||||||||
Indoor air (IPChem) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Water | ||||||||||||
oxygen consuming substances (EEA) + nutrients in freshwater (EEA) | x | |||||||||||
contaminants in water (national databases) | ||||||||||||
Soil (national databases) | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
Food | ||||||||||||
chemical contaminants: due to food production, distribution, packaging or consumption (EFSA) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
additives (EFSA) | ||||||||||||
chemical residues: pesticides, hormones (EFSA) | x | |||||||||||
Consumer goods | ||||||||||||
Consumer goods direct contact, other than food (REACH1) | x | x | x | x | ||||||||
Industrial emissions | ||||||||||||
pollutant release to air, water and waste from ind. Facilities (EEA) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Waste | ||||||||||||
household consumption (EEA) | x | x | ||||||||||
diversion waste from landfill (EEA) | x | x | x | |||||||||
Occupation | ||||||||||||
work-related health risks (ECHI53) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
HEALTH INDICATORS/INFORMATION | ||||||||||||
Smoking-related health outcomes | ||||||||||||
smoking-related deaths (ECHI15) | x | |||||||||||
regular smokers (ECHI44), pregnant women smoking (ECHI45) | x | |||||||||||
Cardiovascular outcomes | ||||||||||||
blood pressure (ECHI43) | x | x | x | |||||||||
Cancer | ||||||||||||
cancer incidence (ECHI20) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Diabetes | ||||||||||||
diabetes:self-reported+register-based prevalence (ECHI21A and B) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Fertility | ||||||||||||
Time to pregnancy (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
total fertility rate (ECHI4) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Sexual maturation (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Immunologic outcomes | ||||||||||||
asthma, self-reported +register-based prevalence (ECHI26A and B) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
COPD, self-reported +register-based prevalence (ECHI27A and B) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Allergies, allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, food allergy (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Infections (respiratory and others) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Neurologic outcomes | ||||||||||||
dementia/Alzheimer (ECHI22) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
depression, self-reported +register-based prevalence (ECHI23A and B) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
cognitive tests (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
behaviour, autism, hyperactivity disorders (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
growth and obesity, metabolic syndrome (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Fetal, neonatal, and child health | ||||||||||||
Spontaneous abortion/stillbirths/terminations (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Gestational age (HBM) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
(low) birth weight (ECHI28) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
mortality, birth weight, plurality (C1-C5) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Prevalence +deaths of selected congenital anomalies (R1, R3) | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Distribution of Apgar score at 5 min (R2) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Prevalence of cerebral palsy (R4) | x | x | x | |||||||||
Maternal health | ||||||||||||
Maternal mortality ratio (C6, C7) | ||||||||||||
Incidence of severe maternal morbidity (R6) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Mode of delivery (HBM) | x | |||||||||||
Health in general | ||||||||||||
body mass index (ECHI42) | X | x | x | x | x | X | ||||||