Children who are both wasted and stunted are also underweight and have a high risk of death: a descriptive epidemiology of multiple anthropometric deficits using data from 51 countries

Table 2 Association^a between wasted and being stunted in 51 countries

Country	Odds ratio [95% CI]^b	Country	Odds ratio [95% CI]^b
Afghanistan	1.22 [1.14, 1.29]	Malawi	1.03 [0.90, 1.17]
Albania	0.78 [0.32, 1.89]	Mali	1.53 [1.36, 1.73]
Angola	1.37 [1.22, 1.53]	Mauritania	1.35 [1.25, 1.45]
Bangladesh	1.37 [1.24, 1.51]	Mozambique	1.31 [1.02, 1.69]
Benin	1.72 [1.45, 2.05]	Myanmar	1.14 [1.03, 1.25]
Burkina Faso	1.74 [1.63, 1.85]	Nepal	1.62 [1.43, 1.85]
Burundi	1.66 [1.45, 1.90]	Niger	1.46 [1.38, 1.54]
Cameroon	1.36 [1.17, 1.59]	Nigeria	1.49 [1.41, 1.57]
Central African Republic	1.59 [1.46, 1.73]	Pakistan	1.00 [0.91, 1.11]
Chad	1.31 [1.27, 1.35]	Philippines	1.53 [1.26, 1.85]
Congo - Kinshasa	0.99 [0.96, 1.02]	Rwanda	1.13 [1.00, 1.27]
Cote d’Ivoire	2.50 [2.24, 2.80]	Senegal	1.76 [1.53, 2.04]
Djibouti	1.31 [1.11, 1.54]	Sierra Leone	1.42 [1.35, 1.50]
Eritrea	0.87 [0.67, 1.13]	Somalia	1.01 [0.98, 1.03]
Ethiopia	1.19 [1.15, 1.22]	South Sudan	1.05 [1.01, 1.09]
Gambia	2.04 [1.73, 2.40]	Sri Lanka	1.84 [1.49, 2.27]
Guatemala	4.97 [0.61,40.62]	Sudan	1.28 [1.24, 1.32]
Guinea	1.71 [1.42, 2.06]	Tajikistan	1.30 [1.07, 1.59]
Guinea Bissau	2.33 [1.90, 2.85]	Tanzania	1.17 [0.91, 1.49]
Haiti	2.27 [2.06, 2.51]	Thailand	1.45 [0.99, 2.12]
India	1.41 [1.22, 1.63]	Togo	2.01 [1.72, 2.35]
Indonesia	1.45 [1.07, 1.97]	Uganda	1.48 [1.38, 1.57]
Jordan	3.42 [1.27, 9.23]	Yemen	1.12 [0.72, 1.72]
Kenya	0.93 [0.89, 0.97]	Zambia	0.80 [0.53, 1.21]
Liberia	1.41 [1.30, 1.53]	Zimbabwe	1.11 [0.50, 2.47]
Madagascar	1.86 [1.45, 2.38]	Pooled OR^c	1.40 [1.32, 1.49]

^aThe odds ratio (OR) is used here as a measure of the strength and direction of association because it is symmetrical (i.e. the OR for being wasted given stuntedness and the OR for being stunted given wastedness are identical). Use of the OR avoids the question of what comes before and what comes after, which is not answerable with cross-sectional data. OR > 1 is a positive association, OR = 1 is no association, and OR < 1 is a negative association. The distance of the OR from one is a measure of the strength of association
^bIntervals (ranges) are expressed in ISO 31–11 form. The form [a,b] expresses the interval a ≤ x ≤ b. For example, [1.32,1.49] is used to represent a 95% confidence interval that ranges between 1.32 and 1.49
^cEstimated using a random effects (DerSimonian-Laird) meta-analysis

ISSN: 2049-3258