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Table 2 Significant indirect effects of precursor background variables on quitting-related intentions: Texas, United States, 2007 (Model 1) and Indiana, United States, 2009 (Model 2)

From: Incorporating environmental variables as precursor background variables of the theory of planned behavior to predict quitting-related intentions: a comparative study between adult and young adult smokers

Significant indirect effect

Beta coefficient

Model 1

 Extent of agreement with regulating smoking in public places

âž” Attitude

âž” Intention

−0.02**

 Extent of agreement with regulating smoking in public places

âž” Subjective norm

âž” Intention

−0.03**

 Number of smokers among 5 closest friends

âž” Subjective norm

âž” Intention

−0.02*

Model 2

 Extent of agreement with regulating smoking in public places

âž” Subjective norm

âž” Intention

−0.01*

  1. * p < .05, ** p < .01