Table 5 Trend in WASH, IYCF and child disease prevention and management in the Karnali Zone of Nepal after controlling for confoundersa, 2009-2015
| Variables | 2009 (Ref.) | Dolpa AOR(95%CI) | Jumla AOR (95%CI) | Mugu AOR(95%CI) | Humla AOR(95%CI) | Kalikot AOR(95%CI) | Karnali Zone AOR(95%CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 2015 | 2013 | 2015 | 2013 | 2015 | 2013 | 2015 | 2013 | 2015 | 2013 | 2015 | ||
| Water and sanitation | |||||||||||||
| ‘Unimproved’ drinking water sources b | 1 |
0.05*** (0.03-0.07) |
0.13*** (0.09-0.18) |
0.27** (0.12-0.61) |
1.08 (0.57-2.07) |
1.26 (0.88-1.80) |
0.60 (0.33-1.09) |
1.99** (1.34-2.94) |
0.24*** (0.15-0.40) |
0.08*** (0.05-0.125) |
0.22*** (0.16-0.30) |
0.36*** (0.30-0.42) |
0.29*** (0.24-0.34) |
| ‘Inadequate’ water treatment method b | 1 |
2.05*** (1.38-3.04) |
12.61*** (7.69-20.66) |
1.15 (0.62-2.14) |
0.91 (0.54-1.53) |
2.53* (1.24-5.17) |
0.46* (0.22-0.96) |
0.89 (0.55-1.45) |
0.94 (0.56-1.57) |
1.24 (0.64 -2.40) |
1.12 (0.64-1.95) |
1.76*** (1.40-2.23) |
1.85*** (1.47-2.33) |
| ‘Unimproved’ sanitation facilities b | 1 |
0.37*** (0.26-0.53) |
0.02*** (0.02-0.03) |
0.01*** (0.01-0.02) |
0.06*** (0.04-0.10) |
0.01*** (0.003-0.01) |
0.00*** (0.00-0.00) |
0.06*** (0.04-0.09) |
0.02*** (0.01-0.03) |
0.02*** (0.01-0.03) |
0.02*** (0.01-0.03) |
0.04*** (0.04-0.05) |
0.02*** (0.02-0.03) |
| ‘Unsanitary’ disposal of children’s faeces b | 1 |
0.15*** (0.11-0.21) |
0.12*** (0.09-0.16) |
0.13*** (0.09-0.19) |
0.15*** (0.11-0.21) |
0.21*** (0.15-0.28) |
0.14*** (0.09-0.21) |
0.51*** (0.39-0.66) |
0.18*** (0.13-0.24) |
0.04*** (0.02-0.05) |
0.06*** (0.04-0.08) |
0.18*** (0.16-0.21) |
0.13*** (0.11-0.15) |
| IYCF Practices | |||||||||||||
| Early initiation of breastfeeding b | 1 |
4.54*** (2.81-7.33) |
1.67* (1.11-2.51) |
1.12 (0.64-1.95) |
1.94** (1.18-3.17) |
0.57** (0.38-0.86) |
1.00 (0.53-1.90) |
0.46*** (0.31-0.69) |
0.73 (0.45-1.16) |
3.09*** (1.95-1.90) |
1.71** (1.17-2.51) |
1.17 (0.97-1.40) |
1.28** (1.06-1.55) |
| Bottle feeding b | 1 |
1.47 (0.57-3.78) |
8.25*** (3.75-18.16) |
8.92** (1.75-45.05) |
40.00*** (7.54-153.20) |
13.86*** (5.24-36.68) |
19.75*** (6.43-60.70) |
8.64*** (2.67-28.00) |
29.39*** (9.02-95.73) |
5.49*** (2.33-12.94) |
2.47* (1.07-5.69) |
11.47*** (6.56-20.04) |
24.72*** (14.22-42.97) |
| Prevalence | |||||||||||||
| Diarrhoea b | 1 |
0.83 (0.54-1.26) |
0.35*** (0.23-0.52) |
0.57 (0.32-1.02) |
0.39*** (0.24-0.64) |
4.27*** (2.43-7.51) |
5.94*** (2.64-13.35) |
0.82 (0.54-1.24) |
0.60* (0.38-0.94) |
2.60** (1.42-4.75) |
1.50 (0.90-2.50) |
1.11 (0.91-1.36) |
0.80* (0.66-0.98) |
| Pneumonia b | 1 |
1.83** (1.18-2.82) |
3.06*** (2.02-4.63) |
3.11*** (1.69-5.73) |
9.53*** (5.48-16.58) |
1.26 (0.76-2.09) |
0.52 (0.25-1.12) |
1.52 (0.96-2.40) |
4.03*** (2.48-6.54) |
1.06 (0.59-1.90) |
3.41*** (2.10-5.56) |
1.79*** (1.46-2.21) |
2.79*** (2.28-3.42) |
| Fever b | 1 |
0.81 (0.54-1.21) |
1.20 (0.82-1.75) |
0.96 (0.54-1.71) |
1.10 (0.68-1.80) |
1.23 (0.74-2.05) |
1.38 (0.65-2.91) |
1.19 (0.79-1.80) |
1.84** (1.18-2.88) |
1.29 (0.74-2.25) |
2.70*** (1.67-4.27) |
1.07 (0.88-1.30) |
1.42*** (1.17-1.72) |
| Action taken | |||||||||||||
| Sought advice b | 1 |
2.44*** (1.79-3.32) |
1.46* (1.09-1.94) |
1.89** (1.30-2.73) |
2.04*** (1.47-2.82) |
1.98*** (1.37-2.87) |
2.93)*** (1.77-4.85 |
2.01*** (1.51-2.67) |
2.69*** (1.99-3.64) |
2.60*** (1.77-3.81) |
5.06*** (3.63-7.04) |
1.93*** (1.68-2.23) |
2.55*** (2.21-2.93) |
| More fluid b | 1 |
5.08*** (2.03-12.72) |
1.66 (0.64-4.33) |
1.15 (0.39-3.34) |
3.17* (1.32-7.60) |
3.43* (1.08-10.93) |
2.00 (0.48-8.31) |
1.22 (0.57-2.61) |
1.23 (0.56-2.68) |
1.91 (0.72-5.10) |
2.03 (0.87-4.75) |
2.37*** (1.57-3.58) |
2.32*** (1.54-3.48) |
| More food# | 1 |
6.32** (1.69-23.74) |
3.63 (0.94-14.04) |
1.99 (0.47-8.43) |
3.29 (0.90-12.07) |
13.10* (1.61-106.37) |
12.95* (1.09-153.58) |
0.46 (0.10-2.19) |
1.06 (0.27-4.19) |
1.00 (0.08-11.95) |
4.34 (0.50-37.87) |
2.59** (1.37-4.92) |
2.55** (1.36-4.79) |
| More breastfeeding b | 1 |
4.26*** (2.33-7.80) |
3.14*** (1.83-5.37) |
77.03*** (a) (29.37-202.03) |
21.21*** (10.16-44.26) |
2.25* (1.14-4.47) |
1.23 (0.48-3.14) |
1.39 (0.81-2.39) |
2.84*** (1.58-5.10) |
9.77*** (4.22-22.63) |
7.38*** (3.53-15.45) |
4.19*** (3.22-5.45) |
3.91 *** (3.03-5.05) |
| Prevention | |||||||||||||
| Deworming b | 1 |
4.20*** (2.24-7.87) |
1.58 (0.85-2.65) |
0.92 (0.37-2.32) |
0.85 (0.37-1.93) |
0.06*** (0.03-0.14) |
0.29 (0.08-1.07) |
2.14* (1.18-3.89) |
6.35*** (2.99-13.49) |
0.78 (0.39-1.53) |
1.01 (0.54-1.90) |
0.93 (0.69-1.24) |
1.39* (1.03-1.88) |
| Iodised salt b | 1 |
1.34 (0.84-1.83) |
5.42*** (3.46-8.49) |
0.90 (0.53-1.55) |
1.71 (0.95-3.09) |
1.65** (1.24-2.19) |
3.51*** (2.22-5.54) |
0.77 (0.55-1.08) |
3.56*** (2.09-6.08) |
0.49*** (0.36-0.66) |
0.68** (0.53-0.87) |
0.90 (0.77-1.05) |
1.67*** (1.42-1.96) |