Table 5 Trend in WASH, IYCF and child disease prevention and management in the Karnali Zone of Nepal after controlling for confounders^a, 2009-2015

‘Unimproved’ drinking water sources ^b

1

0.05***

(0.03-0.07)

0.13***

(0.09-0.18)

0.27**

(0.12-0.61)

1.08

(0.57-2.07)

1.26

(0.88-1.80)

0.60

(0.33-1.09)

1.99**

(1.34-2.94)

0.24***

(0.15-0.40)

0.08***

(0.05-0.125)

0.22***

(0.16-0.30)

0.36***

(0.30-0.42)

0.29***

(0.24-0.34)

‘Inadequate’ water treatment method ^b

1

2.05***

(1.38-3.04)

12.61***

(7.69-20.66)

1.15

(0.62-2.14)

0.91

(0.54-1.53)

2.53*

(1.24-5.17)

0.46*

(0.22-0.96)

0.89

(0.55-1.45)

0.94

(0.56-1.57)

1.24

(0.64 -2.40)

1.12

(0.64-1.95)

1.76***

(1.40-2.23)

1.85***

(1.47-2.33)

‘Unimproved’ sanitation facilities ^b

1

0.37***

(0.26-0.53)

0.02***

(0.02-0.03)

0.01***

(0.01-0.02)

0.06***

(0.04-0.10)

0.01***

(0.003-0.01)

0.00***

(0.00-0.00)

0.06***

(0.04-0.09)

0.02***

(0.01-0.03)

0.02***

(0.01-0.03)

0.02***

(0.01-0.03)

0.04***

(0.04-0.05)

0.02***

(0.02-0.03)

‘Unsanitary’ disposal of children’s faeces ^b

1

0.15***

(0.11-0.21)

0.12***

(0.09-0.16)

0.13***

(0.09-0.19)

0.15***

(0.11-0.21)

0.21***

(0.15-0.28)

0.14***

(0.09-0.21)

0.51***

(0.39-0.66)

0.18***

(0.13-0.24)

0.04***

(0.02-0.05)

0.06***

(0.04-0.08)

0.18***

(0.16-0.21)

0.13***

(0.11-0.15)

Early initiation of breastfeeding ^b

1

4.54***

(2.81-7.33)

1.67*

(1.11-2.51)

1.12

(0.64-1.95)

1.94**

(1.18-3.17)

0.57**

(0.38-0.86)

1.00

(0.53-1.90)

0.46***

(0.31-0.69)

0.73

(0.45-1.16)

3.09***

(1.95-1.90)

1.71**

(1.17-2.51)

1.17

(0.97-1.40)

1.28**

(1.06-1.55)

Bottle feeding ^b

1

1.47

(0.57-3.78)

8.25***

(3.75-18.16)

8.92**

(1.75-45.05)

40.00***

(7.54-153.20)

13.86***

(5.24-36.68)

19.75***

(6.43-60.70)

8.64***

(2.67-28.00)

29.39***

(9.02-95.73)

5.49***

(2.33-12.94)

2.47*

(1.07-5.69)

11.47***

(6.56-20.04)

24.72***

(14.22-42.97)

Diarrhoea ^b

1

0.83

(0.54-1.26)

0.35***

(0.23-0.52)

0.57

(0.32-1.02)

0.39***

(0.24-0.64)

4.27***

(2.43-7.51)

5.94***

(2.64-13.35)

0.82

(0.54-1.24)

0.60*

(0.38-0.94)

2.60**

(1.42-4.75)

1.50

(0.90-2.50)

1.11

(0.91-1.36)

0.80*

(0.66-0.98)

Pneumonia ^b

1

1.83**

(1.18-2.82)

3.06***

(2.02-4.63)

3.11***

(1.69-5.73)

9.53***

(5.48-16.58)

1.26

(0.76-2.09)

0.52

(0.25-1.12)

1.52

(0.96-2.40)

4.03***

(2.48-6.54)

1.06

(0.59-1.90)

3.41***

(2.10-5.56)

1.79***

(1.46-2.21)

2.79***

(2.28-3.42)

Fever ^b

1

0.81

(0.54-1.21)

1.20

(0.82-1.75)

0.96

(0.54-1.71)

1.10

(0.68-1.80)

1.23

(0.74-2.05)

1.38

(0.65-2.91)

1.19

(0.79-1.80)

1.84**

(1.18-2.88)

1.29

(0.74-2.25)

2.70***

(1.67-4.27)

1.07

(0.88-1.30)

1.42***

(1.17-1.72)

Sought advice ^b

1

2.44***

(1.79-3.32)

1.46*

(1.09-1.94)

1.89**

(1.30-2.73)

2.04***

(1.47-2.82)

1.98***

(1.37-2.87)

2.93)***

(1.77-4.85

2.01***

(1.51-2.67)

2.69***

(1.99-3.64)

2.60***

(1.77-3.81)

5.06***

(3.63-7.04)

1.93***

(1.68-2.23)

2.55***

(2.21-2.93)

More fluid ^b

1

5.08***

(2.03-12.72)

1.66

(0.64-4.33)

1.15

(0.39-3.34)

3.17*

(1.32-7.60)

3.43*

(1.08-10.93)

2.00

(0.48-8.31)

1.22

(0.57-2.61)

1.23

(0.56-2.68)

1.91

(0.72-5.10)

2.03

(0.87-4.75)

2.37***

(1.57-3.58)

2.32***

(1.54-3.48)

More food^#

1

6.32**

(1.69-23.74)

3.63

(0.94-14.04)

1.99

(0.47-8.43)

3.29

(0.90-12.07)

13.10*

(1.61-106.37)

12.95*

(1.09-153.58)

0.46

(0.10-2.19)

1.06

(0.27-4.19)

1.00

(0.08-11.95)

4.34

(0.50-37.87)

2.59**

(1.37-4.92)

2.55**

(1.36-4.79)

More breastfeeding ^b

1

4.26***

(2.33-7.80)

3.14***

(1.83-5.37)

77.03*** (a)

(29.37-202.03)

21.21***

(10.16-44.26)

2.25*

(1.14-4.47)

1.23

(0.48-3.14)

1.39

(0.81-2.39)

2.84***

(1.58-5.10)

9.77***

(4.22-22.63)

7.38***

(3.53-15.45)

4.19***

(3.22-5.45)

3.91 ***

(3.03-5.05)

Deworming ^b

1

4.20***

(2.24-7.87)

1.58

(0.85-2.65)

0.92

(0.37-2.32)

0.85

(0.37-1.93)

0.06***

(0.03-0.14)

0.29

(0.08-1.07)

2.14*

(1.18-3.89)

6.35***

(2.99-13.49)

0.78

(0.39-1.53)

1.01

(0.54-1.90)

0.93

(0.69-1.24)

1.39*

(1.03-1.88)

Iodised salt ^b

1

1.34

(0.84-1.83)

5.42***

(3.46-8.49)

0.90

(0.53-1.55)

1.71

(0.95-3.09)

1.65**

(1.24-2.19)

3.51***

(2.22-5.54)

0.77

(0.55-1.08)

3.56***

(2.09-6.08)

0.49***

(0.36-0.66)

0.68**

(0.53-0.87)

0.90

(0.77-1.05)

1.67***

(1.42-1.96)