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Table 6 Trend in household food consumption, dietary diversity, and food security in the Karnali Zone of Nepal after controlling for confounders, 2009-2015

From: The impact of unconditional child cash grant on child malnutrition and its immediate and underlying causes in five districts of the Karnali Zone, Nepal – A trend analysis

Variables

2009 (Ref.)

Dolpa AOR(95%CI)

Jumla AOR(95%CI)

Mugu AOR(95%CI)

Humla AOR(95%CI)

Kalikot AOR(95%CI)

Karnali Zone AOR(95%CI)

2013

2015

2013

2015

2013

2013

2015

2015

2013

2015

2013

2015

Household food consumption

Poor (ref)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Borderline

1

0.84

(0.57-1.24)

1.17

(0.82-1.68)

0.95

(0.58-1.54)

0.95

(0.62-1.46)

0.95

(0.54-1.67)

0.92

(0.63-1.35)

0.76

(0.53-1.08)

0.86

(0.59-1.26)

0.91

(0.60-1.39)

1.17

(0.81-1.68)

0.83

(0.60-1.16)

1.06

(0.76-1.47)

Acceptable

1

0.97

(0.68-1.39)

1.05

(0.76-1.45)

0.97

(0.63-1.48)

0.96

(0.66-1.40)

1.09

(0.79-1.52)

1.01

(0.62-1.65)

1.34

(0.97-1.84)

1.02

(0.72-1.45)

0.96

(0.66-1.39)

0.97

(0.70-1.35)

1.27

(0.92-1.74)

0.95

(0.69-1.30)

Household dietary diversity

Low dietary diversity (ref)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Moderate dietary diversity

1

0.33***

(0.24-0.44)

0.37***

(0.28-0.49)

1.15

(0.78-1.69)

0.48***

(0.35-0.67)

1.39

(1.05-1.83)*

0.70

(0.46-1.06)

1.01

(0.78-1.32)

0.72*

(0.53-0.96)

0.96

(0.70-1.31)

0.79

(0.60-1.03)

0.73***

(0.64-0.83)

0.37***

(0.32-0.42)

High dietary diversity

1

0.24***

(0.17-0.34)

0.32)***

(0.24-0.44

0.62

(0.41-0.94)*

0.25***

(0.18-0.37)

1.28

(0.92-1.77)

0.59*

(0.37-0.95)

0.92

(0.67-1.25)

0.78

(0.56-1.10)

1.10

(0.76-1.60)

0.83

(0.60-1.16)

0.46***

(0.39-0.55)

0.21***

(0.18-0.25)

Household food security†

Severely food insecure (ref)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Moderate food insecure

1

0.58

(0.37-0.90)

0.80

(0.51-1.26)

0.85

(0.48-1.50)

1.13

(0.68-1.87)

0.78

(0.50-1.23)

1.08

(0.50-2.30)

1.16

(0.82-1.64)

1.09

(0.72-1.63)

0.77

(0.45-1.29)

0.83

(0.53-1.31)

0.65***

(0.53-0.81)

0.94

(0.75-1.19)

Food secure

1

0.79

(0.52-1.20)

1.12

(0.73-1.72)

1.05

(0.63-1.72)

1.05

(0.67-1.64)

0.79

(0.52-1.20)

1.91

(0.97-3.76)

0.95

(0.70-1.30)

1.49*

(1.04-2.12)

0.94

(0.60-1.47)

1.11

(0.75-1.64)

0.69***

(0.58-0.82)

1.43***

(1.18-1.73)

  1. AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref reference
  2. Two-level GLMMs with multinominal link
  3. aAdjusted for child age and gender, father and mother’s educational attainment, household wealth index, caste/ethnicity, expected food shortage, family size, and clustering of children within wards.
  4. *p<0.05; ** p<0.01; ***p<0.001