Table 7 Trend in sources of staple foods, resilience indicators, reproductive capital indicators, and source of income the Karnali Zone of Nepal after controlling for confounders ^a, 2009-2015

Own production

1

2.13**

(1.22-3.70)

1.97**

(1.20-3.24)

1.17

(0.60-2.26)

1.02

(0.59-1.78)

1.09

(0.63-1.89)

0.61

(0.26-1.46)

1.03

(0.68-1.54)

1.47

(0.90-2.38)

0.10

(0.05-0.17)***

0.17***

(0.09-0.30)

0.84

(0.68-1.04)

1.09

(0.87-1.36)

Purchasing

1

5.45***

(3.93-7.55)

92.66*** (a)

(54.87-156.50)

4.07***

(2.83-5.84)

10.03***

(6.99-14.39)

1.42**

(1.10-1.85)

1.55*

(1.06-2.27)

0.98

(0.74-1.30)

8.78***

(6.47-11.92)

1.9***

(1.41-2.56)

2.50***

(1.93-3.25)

2.46***

(2.18-2.78)

6.06***

(5.30-6.93)

Food aid

1

0.09***

(0.06-0.13)

0.00(a)

(0.00-1.50*10¹⁹²)

0.06***

(0.04-0.12)

0.00(a)

(0.00-6.98*10²³⁰)

1.53

(1.09-2.21)*

0.53*

(0.28-0.98)

0.18***

(0.13-0.25)

0.00(a)

(0.00-3.66*10³⁹)

117.16***

(44.93-305.45)

1.03

(0.20-5.31)

0.33***

(0.29-0.39)

0.02***

(0.01-0.02)

Outmigration^#

1

4.01

(0.66-24.53)

6.02*

(1.14-31.69)

5.26

(0.86-32.18)

8.50*

(1.67-43.39)

3.16

(0.77-12.89)

9.03*

(1.71-47.69)

2.08

(0.62-6.97)

2.42

(0.69-8.52)

0.88

(0.22-3.56)

0.90

(0.27-2.98)

2.08*

(1.13-3.84)

3.50***

(1.96-6.23)

Borrowing money*

1

1.55**

(1.17-2.06)

0.96

(0.74-1.25)

1.14

(0.82-1.57)

1.20

(0.90-1.60)

0.68**

(0.51-0.89)

1.84**

(1.23-2.75)

1.45**

(1.10-1.91)

1.88***

(1.39-2.56)

0.32***

(0.24-0.44)

0.39***

(0.30-0.51)

0.82**

(0.73-0.93)

0.97

(0.86-1.09)

Selling land

1

3.41

(0.29-40.44)

0.84

(0.04-17.17)

5.25*10⁹(a)

(0.00-nr)

1.37*10¹⁰(a)

(0.00-nr)

0.35

(0.08-1.54)

0.19

(0.04-1.09)

1.97

(0.34-11.41)

0.76

(0.08-7.03)

1.44

(0.44-4.74)

0.31

(0.07-1.29)

1.39

(0.70-2.77)

0.85

(0.41-1.79)

Selling agricultural assets

1

5.49**

(1.75-17.23)

4.53**

(1.47-13.94)

5.25**

(1.86-14.79)

4.31**

(1.61-11.49)

2.31**

(1.25-4.29)

1.43

(0.65-3.16)

2.19**

(1.28-3.74)

1.32

(0.71-2.43)

0.63

(0.35-1.13)

0.43**

(0.26-0.74)

1.50**

(1.15-1.97)

1.31

(0.99-1.73)

Crop farming ^b

1

3.27***

(2.46-4.34)

0.46***

(0.36-0.59)

0.65*

(0.46-0.91)

0.36***

(0.26-0.49)

1.64***

(1.25-2.14)

0.40***

(0.27-0.58)

1.90***

(1.49-2.42)

1.25

(0.95-1.63)

2.34***

(1.73-3.16)

0.41***

(0.31-0.53)

1.79***

(1.59-2.01)

0.51***

(0.45-0.57)

Livestock farming^#

1

0.26**

(0.12-0.57)

1.90**

(1.21-3.00)

3.85***

(1.97-7.54)

2.91**

(1.53-5.56)

1.45

(0.81-2.62)

4.87***

(2.37-10.01)

1.16

(0.73-1.83)

1.77*

(1.12-2.80)

3.17*

(1.06-9.49)

13.92***

(5.62-34.46)

1.20

(0.92-1.57)

3.03***

(2.40-3.81)

Employment ^b

1

0.41***

(0.27-0.62)

1.02

(0.73-1.43)

0.76

(0.51-1.13)

0.91

(0.65-1.29)

1.47*

(1.05-2.06)

8.43***

(5.09-13.97)

0.54***

(0.42-0.71)

0.73*

(0.55-0.98)

0.60**

(0.43-0.85)

0.89

(0.67-1.19)

0.61***

(0.53-0.71)

1.08

(0.93-1.24)