Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies in the meta-analysis to show the prevalence Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa, 2013–2018
S.N | Author, year of publication (Year study conducted or year of survey) | Country, Sub region | Study design | Sample size | Response rate | Mean age (SD)/range | GA when tested GDM(week) | Screening criteria | Test approach | Blood glucose levels were measured by | Prevalence of GDM (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Niyibizi et al., 2016 [13] (2012) | Rwanda, East Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 96 | 100% | M = 27 ± 9.8 R = 21–45 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Glucometer (ACCU-CHECK-Aviva Plus) + laboratory glucose Oxidase method) | 8.3% (2.78,13.82) |
2 | Sagheer and Hamdi, 2018 [56] (2015) | Egypt, North Africa | Institution-based Cross-sectional | 700 | 89.7% | M = 26.5 ± 5.5 R = 18–42 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Laboratory method | 7.43% (5.49,9.37) |
3 | Ogoudjobi et al., 2017 [44] (2015–2017) | Benin, West Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 967 | 100% | M = 28.5 ± 5.7 R = 16–44 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 7.5% (5.84.9.16) |
4 | Oppong et al., 2015 [45](2013) | Ghana, West Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 399 | 100% | NR | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Laboratory method | 9.3% (6.45,12.15) |
5 | Oriji et al., 2017 [41] (2015) | Nigeria, West Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 235 | 94% | NR | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 14.9% (10.35,19.45) |
6 | Agbozo et al., 2018 [39] (2016) | Ghana, West Africa | Institution-based Prospective study | 435 | 88.6% | R = 15–54 | 13–34 | Selective (13th–20th) Universal (20th -34th) | One step | NR | 9.0% (6.3, 11.69) |
7 | Nakabuye et al., 2017 [47] (2014) | Uganda, East Africa | Prospective cohort study | 251 | 75.4% | NR | 24–36 | Universal | One step | Glucose meter (Glucocard™ Σ1070) | 30.3% (24.61,35.99) |
8 | Macaulay et al., 2018 [54] 2013–2017 | South African, Southern Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 1906 | 94.8% | M = 30 R = 25–35 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Glucometer(ACCU-CHEK) | 9.1% (7.81, 10.39) |
9 | Abbey and Kasso, 2018 [40] (2016–2017) | Nigeria, West Africa | cross-sectional study | 288 | > 100% | M = 31.18 ± 4.7 | < 14 weeks | Universal | One step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 21.2% (16.48, 25.92) |
10 | Njete, John et al., 2018 [48] (2015–2016) | Tanzania, East Africa | Cross-sectional study | 333 | 77% | M = 27.9 ± 5.9 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Plasma-calibrated hand-held glucometers (GlucoPlus) | 19.5% (15.24,23.76) |
11 | Pastakia et al., 2017 [49] (2013–2015) | Kenya, East Africa | Prospective study | 616 | 71.1% | M = 26.1 | 24–32 | Universal | Two step | Laboratory method and POC tests | 2.9% (1.57,4.23) |
12 | Olagbuji et al., 2017 [42] (2015–2016) | Nigeria, West Africa | Institution-based prospective cohort study | 280 | NR | R = 18–45 | 24–32 | Universal | Two step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 15.71% (11.45,19.97) |
13 | Munang et al., 2017 [51] (2012–2013) | Cameroon, Central Africa | Institution-based prospective study | 400 | 82% | M = 26 ± 5 | 24–28 | Universal | Two step | Glucometer (Accu-Chek® Compact Plus) | 32.1%. (27.52,36.68) |
14 | Jao, Wong et al., 2013 [53] (2013??) NR | Cameroon, Central Africa | Cross Sectional study | 316 | NR | R = 15–50 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | NR | 6.3% (3.62,8.98) |
15 | Djomhou et al., 2016 [52] (2013) | Cameroon, Central Africa | Institution-based prospective cohort study | 100 | 100% | M = 27 ± 6 | All GA | Universal | NR | Laboratory method | 22% (13.88,30.12) |
16 | Olagbuji et al., 2015 [17] (2012–2014) | Nigeria, West Africa | Institution-based prospective study | 1059 | 81.7% | M = 30.7 ± 4.4 | 24–32 | Universal | one-step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 8.6% (6.91,10.29) |
17 | Ogu et al., 2017 [43] (2014–2015) | Nigeria, West Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 837 | NR | M = 30.67 ± 4.55 R = 18–48 years | NR | Selective | NR | NR | 3.3% (2.09, 4.51) |
18 | Khalil et al., 2017 [57] (2015–2016) | Egypt, North Africa | Institution-based Cross sectional | 250 | 100% | NR | 24–28 | Universal | Two step | Laboratory glucose oxidase method | 8%. (4.64, 11.36) |
19 | Adams and Rheeder, 2017 [15] (2012??) NR | South Africa, Southern Africa | Prospective cohort study | 554 | 55.4% | M = 27.2 ± 5.8 | 24–28 | Universal | One step | Laboratory method + POC test | 25.8% (22.16, 29.44) |
20 | Adoyo et al., 2016 [50] (2015) | Kenya, East Africa | Cohort study design | 238 | 93.7 | M = 33.06 (GDM) & 27.9 (Non GDM) | ≥28 | NR | NR | NR | 27.73% (22.04,33.42) |
21 | Mwanri et al., 2013 [11] (2011–2012) | Tanzania, East Africa | cross-sectional study | 910 | NR | M = 27.5(5.0) Urban & M = 26.6 (5.3) Rural | ≥20 Weeks | Universal | One step | POC (HemoCue Glucose B-201) | 13.1% (10.91, 15.29) |
22 | Asare-Anane et al. 2014 [46] 2010. | Ghana West Afrcia | Case control | 200 | 100 | NR | All GA | Universal | NR | NR | NA |
23 | Mathilda et al., 2017 [55] (2010–20140 | Zimbabwe. Southern Africa | Institution-based cross-sectional | 532 | 100% | M = 26.9 ± 6.7 | All GA | NR | NR | Laboratory method | 8.5 (6.13, 10.87) |