Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa based on the updated international diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Summary of the meta-analysis of associated factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa, 2013–2018

No.	Factors	No of studies	OR (95% CI)	P value	Heterogeneity				Publication bias (Egger’s test)	Range of result of by omitted one study at a time
No.	Factors	No of studies	OR (95% CI)	P value	Q-value	Df (Q)	p –value	I²	p- value	Minimum	Maximum
1	Maternal age (≥ 30 year)	13	1.27 (0.810, 1.992)	0.297	249.831	19	< 0.001	90.5%	0.004	0.56	1.12
2	Maternal overweight and/obesity	12	3.51 (1.92, 6.40)	0.005	146.455	12	< 0.001	88.4%	0.231	0.65	1.86
3	Parity (≥ 2)	11	1.091 (0.628, 1.897)	0.758	121.267	16	< 0.001	79.3%	0.004	0.34	1.39
4	Having macrosomic baby	10	2.23 (1.12,4.44)	0.023	55.883	10	< 0.001	76.8%	0.017	0.42	1.65
5	Family history of diabetes	13	2.69 (1.84, 3.91)	0.005	84.227	16	< 0.001	70.0%	0.143	0.61	1.36
6	History of still birth	4	2.92 (1.23, 6.93)	0.015	12.751	3	0.005	76.5%	0.742	0.20	1.94
7	History of abortion	8	2.21 (1.68, 2.92)	0.000	13.285	8	0.102	35.9%	0.985	0.52	1.07
8	History of hypertension	9	2.49 (1.35, 4.59)	0.004	31.043	8	< 0.001	74.2%	0.952	0.30	1.52
9	Previous history of GDM	3	14.16 (2.39, 84.08)	0.004	5.619	2	0.060	64.4%	0.128	0.87	4.43

ISSN: 2049-3258