Table 2 Characteristics of included studies on adherence to antihypertensive therapy in adult population in Russia from 2000 to 2017

Ageev et al. [11]

Patients who visited outpatient department of the Russian Cardiology Scientific and Production Center

Men or women older than 18, with SBP 140–179 mmHg, DBP 99–100 mmHg, high cardiovascular risk, not taking of ACE inhibitors and diuretics, without secondary HT, heart failure, renal and hepatic impairment, insulin-treated DM.

Recruitment process not described

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

60

62.5 ± 2.2

1–3

(a) prospective study, follow up period 6 mth;

(b) small sample size,

incorrect DBP level in inclusion criteria

Kobalava et al. [12, 13]

Patients attending 240 cardiologists in 17 Regions

Men or women with uncontrolled HT, non-adherent, absence of contraindications to ACE inhibitors taking, no eligibility to receive MAS

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

906

56.2 ± 10.6 (female)/ 54.9 ± 10.9 (male)

Uncontrolled HT^b

(a) multicenter study, follow up period 12 mth, big sample size;

(b) including only non-adherent patients

Sarycheva et al. [14]

Single outpatient clinic in Moscow Region.

300 patients have been examined before 150 patients included

Men or women aged 40–65, with ineffective treatment of HT and dyslipidemia, SBP > 140 mmHg, DBP > 90 mmHg, without IHD, DM and other severe diseases

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

150

40-65y

HT patients with high cardiovascular risk

(a) follow up period 12 mth;

(b) there are no basic data of adherence

Fofanova et al. [15]

Patients who visited outpatient department of the Russian Cardiology Scientific and Production Center

Men or women older than 18, with SBP 140–179 mmHg, DBP 99–100 mmHg, not taking of ACE inhibitors and diuretics, without secondary HT, heart failure, renal and hepatic impairment, insulin-treated DM. Recruitment process not described

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

60

61.2 ± 1.8 (female)/

61.8 ± 2.1 (male)

1–2

(a) patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk are included, for which adherence to therapy is particularly important, follow up period 6 mth;

(b) small sample size, incorrect DBP level in inclusion criteria

Karpov et al. [16]

Patients attending any of 700 cardiologists in 51 Regions, each recruiting 3 patients

Men or women older than 18, with uncontrolled HT on treatment. Recruitment process not described

Prospective observational intervention study

2120

22–88 y

2–3

(a) big sample size, multicenter study;

(b) relatively short follow up period 3 mth and no control group

Glezer et al. [17]

Patients attending 197 physicians in 48 Regions

Men or women aged 18–79, with essential HT, SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90, but <110 mmHg

Prospective observational intervention study

940

56.5 ± 11.5

1–2

(a) big sample size, multicenter study;

(b) relatively short follow up period 3 mth, no control group

Glezer et al. [18]

Patients attending 243 physicians in 51 Regions

Men or women older than 18, with HT taking 2 or more antihypertensive drugs who have not reached their BP target, SBP 140–179 mmHg, DBP 90–109 mmHg, without contraindications to ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers

Prospective observational intervention study

1351 included, 1061

completed the protocol

59.4 ± 11.1

Essential HT

(a) big sample size, multicenter study;

(b) relatively short follow up period 3 mth, no control group

Glezer et al. [19]

Patients attending 442 physicians in 29 cities

Men or women older than 18, with HT on treatment who have not reached their BP target

Prospective observational intervention study

1969

60.1 ± 0.3

No data

(a) big sample size, multicenter study;

(b) relatively short follow up period 3 mth, no control group

Kagramanyan [20]

Not stated

The author is affiliation at Yaroslavl State Medical University

Men or women aged 18–80, with grades 1–3 of HT, who visited the Municipal Clinical Hospital

Prospective observational intervention study

50

64.06 ± 0.49 (female)/

61.88 ± 1.28 (male)

1–3

(a) studying of adherence in patients with 3 different socially significant nosologies - HT, asthma and alcohol abuse;

(b) small sample size, large age range, the real number of HT patients is represented incorrectly

Kaskaeva et al. [21]

Not stated

Male patients aged 20–64 with grades 1–3 of HT. Recruitment process not described

Non-randomized comparison of 3 groups

250

20–64 y (male)

1–3

(a) patients of employable age + relationship adherence to job;

(b) described as randomized but groups selected on basis of employment: train drivers (112), other railway workers (50), non-railway workers (88)

Ushakova et al. [22]

Regional cardiology clinic in Ivanovo city

Men or women with grade 2 of HT on treatment, without IHD and DM

Prospective observational intervention study

52

50.08 ± 7.25

2

(b) small sample size, no control group, patients with grade 2 of HT only included

Chazova et al. [23]

Patients who visited outpatient department of the Russian Cardiology Scientific and Production Center

Recruitment process not described

Prospective observational intervention study

193

60.3 ± 8.0

No data

(a) scope of sessions with patients, duration of sessions and number of the studying patients in group corresponded to the standards approved by the Ministry of Health, it is important for working at outpatient care settings;

(b) the control group is formed from abandoning the patient education, the number of patients in the control group is 2 times less than in the intervention group (65:128), short follow up period 6 weeks

Fofanova et al. [24]

Patients attending 185 cardiologists in 84 policlinics of Moscow

Men or women with SBP 140–179 or DBP 99–100 mmHg, not taking calcium channel blockers

Cross-sectional

4816

62.2 ± 0.2

1–2

(a) big sample size;

(b) incorrect DBP level in inclusion criteria, only possible to extract baseline data

Donirova et al. [25]

Ambulatory care facility

Men or women with HT on treatment

Cross-sectional

74

18 y and older

No data

(b) small sample size (14 vs 60)

Loukianov et al. [26]

Patients attending 185 physicians or cardiologists of the same from 3 randomly selected outpatient clinics of Ryazan and the Ryazan region in March–May 2012 (consecutive inclusion of all who applied from March 01 to May 27)

Patients older than 18, with combination of IHD, HT, chronic heart failure, permanent residence in the Ryazan and the Ryazan region

Register

2303

70.3 ± 10.7 (ppl with history of MI),

69.9 ± 11.0 (ppl without history of MI)

1–3

(a) collection of adherence data using MMAS-4 in a large outpatient register

(b) all patients, irrespective of history of MI, had complex pathology of IHD, HT and chronic heart failure. Therefore it is impossible to estimate independent association between HT and adherence.

Fofanova et al. [27]

Patients who visited outpatient department of the Russian Cardiology Scientific and Production Center

Men and women with HT and examined by psychiatrists

Cross-sectional

161

19–75 (female)/

53.4 ± 11.4 (male)

1

(a) assessment of adherence and psychosomatic aspects;

(b) groups selected on basis of adherence to treatment: low adh – 131 ppl, high adh – 30 ppl

Soboleva et al. [28]

Regional clinical hospital and ambulatory care facility

Patients with grades 1–3 of HT and cardiovascular disease. Recruitment process not described.

Cross-sectional

242

18 y and older

1–3

(b) only possible to extract baseline data

Oganov et al. [29]

Patients attending 512 physicians in 20 cities

Men or women with HT and/or IHD

Cross-sectional

2496

18 y and older

1–3

(a) big sample size;

(b) no prospective stage

Olejnikov et al. [30]

Not stated

The authors are affiliation at Penza State Medical University

Men or women older than 60, with grades 1–2 of HT.

Recruitment process not described

Cross-sectional

75

66.6 ± 4.7

1–2

(a) studying adherence in the elderly;

(b) non-standard way of MMAS-4 analyze, small sample size, only possible to extract baseline data

Smirnova et al. [31]

Ambulatory care facility

Patients aged 45–75, with grades 1–2 of HT. Recruitment process not described

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

60

Intervention group: 62 ± 9.4, control group: 63 ± 8.9

1–2

(a) complex intervention on adherence;

(b) small sample size, relatively short follow up period – 3 mth

Vologdina et al. [32]

Not stated

Men and women with IHD and grades 1–2 of HT. Recruitment process not described

Randomized non-blinded controlled by closed envelope method

70

80.7 ± 2.7 (female)/

80.3 ± 2.5 (male)

1–2

(a) studying adherence in the elderly;

(b) small sample size, relatively short follow up period – 3 mth

Sviryaev et al. [33]

Ambulatory care facility

Men or women older than 18, with grades 1–2 of HT with irregular therapy

Prospective observational intervention study

115

51.3 ± 9.6

1–2

(a) follow up period 6 mth;

(b) no control group, numerical indicators of adherence level aren’t presented in the publication

Morozov et al. [34]

The authors are affiliation at Russian military medical Academy, St. Petersburg

Patients with grades 1–2 of HT

Cross-sectional

86

30–73 y (54 ± 4,8)

1–2

(b) only possible to extract baseline data, non-standard way of MMAS-4 analyze

Kotovskaya et al. [35]

Patients attending 830 physicians in 113 cities

Men or women older than 18, with uncontrolled HT taking ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers

Prospective observational intervention study

2435

59.3 ± 11.2

Uncontrolled HT^b

(a) big sample size, multicenter;

(b) MMAS modified with 2 additional questions, no control group, relatively short follow up period – 3 mth

Panov et al. [36]

Federal Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg

Patients with grades 1–2 of HT and IHD

Prospective observational intervention study

60

57.65 ± 1.59

1–2

(a) follow up period - 12 mth;

(b) small sample size

Oschepkova et al. [37]

Patients who visited outpatient department of the Russian Cardiology Scientific and Production Center

Men and women aged 30–71, with grades 1–2 of HT, without MI, stroke, heart failure, heart arrhythmias. Recruitment process not described

Randomized non-blinded controlled intervention study

30

54 ± 11

1–2

(a) home BP devices as a way to increase adherence;

(b) described as randomized but main group – 19 ppl, control group − 11, small sample size

Kontsevaya et al. [38, 39]

Patients who visited Outpatient Cardiology Clinic

Men or women with grades 1–3 of HT

Cross-sectional

1419

61.94 ± 0.26

1–3

(a) big sample size, a large number of factors associated with adherence: sociodemographic, clinical, etc.;

(b) no prospective stage

Kopnina et al. [40]

Not stated

Patients with HT. Recruitment process not described

Cross-sectional

30

51 ± 1.14 (female)

2

(b) small sample size, only women are included in the study

Sergeeva et al. [41]

Patients of the cardiological and endocrinological department of the Regional Clinical Hospital

Men and women with HT or HT + DM.

Recruitment process not described

Cross-sectional

190

With HT:

47.6 ± 0.4,

with HT + DM:

44.7 ± 0.2

1–3

(a) association of adherence with hypertensive crisis was shown;

(b) no data on validation of bespoke questionnaire