Table 3 Multilevel regression results assessing effects of individual and community level characteristics on contraceptive use among women in Ethiopia, 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
Variables/ characteristics | Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual characteristics | Community level characteristics | Individual and community-level characteristics | ||
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
Educational level of women | ||||
 No formal education (Ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Primary |  | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) ** |  | 1.2(1.0, 1.4) |
 Secondary |  | 1.4(1.1, 1.8) ** |  | 1.2(0.9, 1.5) |
 Higher |  | 1.5(1.1, 2.0) ** |  | 1.2(0.8, 1.6) |
Wealth index | ||||
 Poor(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Middle |  | 1.9(1.5, 2.3) *** |  | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) *** |
 Rich |  | 2.2(1.8, 2.6) *** |  | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) *** |
Age | ||||
 35–39(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 15–19 |  | 1.6(1.1, 2.2) ** |  | 2.1(1.5, 2.9) *** |
 20–24 |  | 2.1(1.6, 2.7) *** |  | 2.5(2.0, 3.2) *** |
 25–29 |  | 1.7(1.3, 2.1) *** |  | 1.8(1.5, 2.3) *** |
 30–34 |  | 1.3((1.0, 1.6) * |  | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) ** |
 40–44 |  | 1.0(0.8, 1.4) |  | 1.0(0.8, 1.3) |
 45–49 |  | 0.6(0.4, 0.9) * |  | 0.6(0.4, 0.8) ** |
Number of living children | ||||
 None(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 1–4 |  | 3.6(2.7, 4.7) *** |  | 3.6(2.8, 4.7) *** |
 5–8 |  | 3.5(2.5,4.9) *** |  | 4.0(2.8, 5.5) *** |
  > =9 |  | 2.5(1.3, 4.8) ** |  | 3.2(1.7, 6.1) *** |
Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||
 Did not work(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Farming/unskilled |  | 2.0(1.5, 2.6) *** |  | 1.6(1.3, 2.1) *** |
 Clerical/sales/services/skilled labor |  | 2.1(1.6, 2.8) *** |  | 1.9(1.4, 2.5) *** |
 professional/technical/manager |  | 1.9(1.4, 2.7) *** |  | 1.9(1.4, 2.7) *** |
 Others |  | 1.5(1.0, 2.2) * |  | 1.4(0.9, 2.0) |
Exposure to mass media | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 1.2(1.0, 2.2) * |  | 1.1(1.0, 1.4) |
Ever had a terminated pregnancy | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 0.7(0.6, 0.9) * |  | 0.7(0.6,0.9) ** |
Smokes cigarettes | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 0.8(0.4, 1.5) |  | 0.8(0.4, 1.6) |
Respondent currently working status | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 1.3(1.1, 1.4) *** |  | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) ** |
Births in the last 3 years | ||||
 No birth(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 One birth |  | 0.5(0.4, 0.6) *** |  | 0.5(0.4, 0.6) *** |
 Two and more births |  | 0.2(0.1, 0.3) *** |  | 0.3(0.2, 0.4) *** |
Heard FP messages through media at least once | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 1.2(1.0, 1.5) * |  | 1.2(1.0, 1.4) |
Visited Health Facility in the last 12 months | ||||
 No(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Yes |  | 1.4(1.3, 1.6) *** |  | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) *** |
Husbands desire for children | ||||
 Both wants the same(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Husband wants more |  | 0.8(0.7,0.9) ** |  | 0.8(0.7, 1.0) * |
 Husband wants fewer |  | 1.0(0.7, 1.2) |  | 0.9(0.7, 1.2) |
 Don’t know |  | 0.8(0.7,0.9) ** |  | 0.8(0.7, 0.9) ** |
Region | ||||
 Tigray |  |  | 1.3(0.8, 2.0) | 1.3(0.9, 2.0) |
 Afar |  |  | 0.3(0.2, 0.6) *** | 0.4(0.2, 0.6) *** |
 Amhara |  |  | 2.6(1.7, 4.0) *** | 2.7(1.8, 4.1) *** |
 Oromia |  |  | 1.5(0.9,2.3) | 1.5(1.0, 2.3) |
 Somali |  |  | 0.1(0.04, 0.2) *** | .1(0.05, 0.2) *** |
 Benishangul |  |  | 1.3(0.8, 2.1) | 1.3(0.8, 2.0) |
 South Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region |  |  | 2.0(1.3, 3.1) ** | 2.1(1.4, 3.3) *** |
 Gambela |  |  | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) |
 Harari |  |  | 1.0(0.6, 1.6) | 0.9(0.6, 1.4) |
 Dire dawa |  |  | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) |
 Addis Ababa(ref) |  |  |  |  |
Place of residence | ||||
 Urban(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 Rural |  |  | 0.5(0.4, 0.7) *** | 0.7(0.5,0.9) * |
Community-level women employment | ||||
 low(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 High |  |  | 1.3(1.0, 1.5) * | 1.1(0.9, 1.3) |
Wealth index | ||||
 low(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 High |  |  | 2.3(1.8, 2.9) *** | 1.7(1.4, 2.1) *** |
Media exposure | ||||
 low(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 High |  |  | 1.4(1.1, 1.8) ** | 1.2(0.9, 1.5) |
Proportion of Muslims in the cluster | ||||
 low(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 High |  |  | 0.6(0.5, 0.8) *** | 0.6(0.5, 0.8) *** |
Health facility visit | ||||
 Low(ref) |  |  |  |  |
 High |  |  | 1.3(1.0, 1.6) * | 1.1(0.9,1.4) |