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Table 1 Distribution of the utilisation of breast cancer screening services

From: Wealth stratified inequalities in service utilisation of breast cancer screening across the geographical regions: a pooled decomposition analysis

Participants characteristics

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Overall

Predisposing factors

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

Age in years

40–44 years

54.07 (52.82, 55.31)

50.93 (49.99, 51.86)

72.50 (68.10, 76.50)

43.27 (41.59, 44.96)

31.55 (28.37, 34.91)

50.39 (49.72, 51.05)

  ≥ 45 years

45.93 (44.69, 47.18)

49.07 (48.14, 50.01)

27.50 (23.50, 31.90)

56.73 (55.04, 58.41)

68.45 (65.09, 71.63)

49.61 (48.95, 50.28)

Educational level

No education

8.28 (7.62, 8.99)

17.07 (16.38, 17.79)

0.20 (0.02, 1.63)

03.82 (03.22, 04.52)

02.33 (01.48, 03.67)

11.67 (11.25, 12.11)

Primary

41.21 (39.98, 42.44)

09.81 (09.27, 10.38)

46.72 (42.07, 51.44)

54.79 (53.09, 56.47)

26.40 (23.41, 29.62)

26.97 (26.39, 27.57)

Secondary

39.06 (37.85, 40.28)

47.88 (46.95, 48.82)

43.67 (39.07, 48.39)

29.96 (28.43, 31.54)

33.72 (30.48, 37.13)

42.03 (41.38, 42.69)

Higher

11.46 (10.69, 12.27)

25.24 (24.44, 26.06)

9.41 (7.00, 12.54)

11.43 (10.40, 12.56)

37.55 (34.20, 41.02)

19.32 (18.80, 19.85)

Head of the household

Female

58.37 (57.14, 59.59)

87.69 (87.06, 88.29)

97.5 (95.52, 98.62)

62.46 (60.80, 64.09)

86.44 (83.84, 88.68)

75.62 (75.05, 76.19)

Male

41.63 (40.41, 42.86)

12.31 (11.71, 12.94)

2.50 (1.38, 4.48)

37.54 (35.91, 39.20)

13.56 (11.32, 16.16)

24.38 (23.81, 24.95)

Age of respondent at 1st birth

  < 18 years

21.75 (20.74, 22.8)

14.18 (13.52, 14.87)

0.41 (0.09, 1.79)

23.68 (22.26, 25.16)

14.37 (12.00, 17.11)

17.64 (17.13, 18.17)

18–20 years

34.87 (33.69, 36.07)

32.09 (31.20, 33.00)

13.67 (10.72, 17.27)

33.72 (32.13, 35.34)

26.03 (22.98, 29.34)

32.58 (31.95, 33.22)

21–25 years

31.3 (30.16, 32.47)

40.36 (39.42, 41.31)

59.82 (55.09, 64.37)

30.01 (28.47, 31.59)

31.41 (28.14, 34.87)

36.13 (35.49, 36.79)

  > 25 years

12.07 (11.28, 12.91)

13.37 (12.72, 14.04)

26.10 (22.15, 30.48)

12.59 (11.51, 13.77)

28.19 (25.04, 31.57)

13.64 (13.18, 14.11)

Number of Births

  < 4

29.83 (28.7, 30.98)

19.68 (18.92, 20.46)

81.39 (77.44, 84.78)

42.77 (41.09, 44.46)

80.34 (77.39, 82.99)

29.82 (29.21, 30.44)

4–5

32.4 (31.24, 33.58)

35.53 (34.61, 36.46)

16.76 (13.53, 20.58)

32.72 (31.14, 34.33)

15.36 (12.99, 18.08)

33.03 (32.40, 33.67)

  > 5

37.77 (36.57, 38.99)

44.80 (43.84, 45.76)

1.85 (0.93, 3.66)

24.52 (23.08, 26.01)

04.30 (03.08, 05.98)

37.15 (36.50, 37.80)

Enabling factors

 Mass media exposure

No

23.29 (22.24, 24.36)

65.66 (64.77, 66.55)

49.03 (44.35, 53.74)

22.16 (20.78, 23.62)

15.76 (13.36, 18.50)

44.87 (44.21, 45.54)

Yes

76.71 (75.64, 77.76)

34.34 (33.45, 35.23)

50.97 (46.26, 55.65)

77.84 (76.38, 79.22)

84.24 (81.50, 86.64)

55.13 (54.46, 55.79)

 Health Insurance coverage

No

70.38 (69.23, 71.5)

82.87 (81.32, 84.31)

72.55 (68.15, 76.55)

70.03 (68.44, 71.56)

71.49 (69.23, 71.5)

72.82 (72.03, 73.60)

Yes

29.62 (28.50, 30.77)

17.13 (15.69, 18.68)

27.45 (23.45, 31.85)

29.97 (28.44, 31.56)

28.51 (28.50, 30.77)

27.18 (26.40, 27.97)

 Nutritional status

Underweight

4.33 (3.78, 4.96)

04.27 (03.84, 04.75)

1.12 (0.98, 2.23)

0.99 (0.70, 1.39)

4.23 (3.84, 4.75)

3.49 (3.22, 3.79)

Normal weight

35.23 (33.86, 36.63)

27.86 (26.87, 28.88)

36.28 (32.84, 41.94)

17.65 (16.38, 18.98)

27.86 (26.87, 28.88)

28.11 (27.42, 28.82)

Overweight

60.44 (59.01, 61.85)

67.86 (66.81, 68.90)

62.60 (58.07, 67.16)

81.37 (80.00, 82.66)

67.91 (66.81, 68.90)

68.39 (67.67, 69.11)

Community

Urban

45.91 (44.67, 47.15)

65.54 (64.65, 66.42)

45.61 (40.97, 50.33)

71.95 (70.39, 73.45)

84.50 (81.78, 86.88)

61.20 (60.55, 61.85)

Rural

54.09 (52.85, 55.33)

34.46 (33.58, 35.35)

54.39 (49.67, 59.03)

28.05 (26.55, 29.61)

15.50 (13.12, 18.22)

38.80 (38.15, 39.45)

 Economic status

Low

27.68 (26.58, 28.8)

24.80 (24.01, 25.62)

32.82 (28.56, 37.39)

23.18 (21.78, 24.65)

25.69 (22.73, 28.89)

29.19 (28.59, 29.79)

Moderate

40.76 (39.54, 41.99)

33.59 (32.71, 34.48)

45.28 (40.65, 50.00)

38.11 (36.47, 39.78)

38.69 (35.32, 42.18)

30.01 (29.41, 30.63)

High

31.56 (30.42, 32.73)

41.61 (40.69, 42.53)

21.89 (18.24, 26.04)

38.71 (37.06, 40.38)

35.62 (32.32, 39.06)

40.80 (40.15, 41.46)

Overall

13.84 (13.53, 14.17)

15.06 (14.80, 15.32)

80.82 (77.27, 83.94)

16.95 (16.43, 17.48)

25.26 (23.76, 26.83)

15.41 (15.22, 15.60)