From: Longitudinal analysis of Socioecological obesogenic factors in a National Sample of U.S. children
%(n), Mean(SD) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Normal | Overweight | Obese | Severely Obese | Total | p-value | |
n = 855 | n = 236 | n = 141 | n = 32 | n = 1264 | |||
(67.64%) | (18.67%) | (11.16%) | (2.53%) | (100%) | |||
Dependent variables | |||||||
Covariates |  1. Individual | ||||||
  Age | 5.25 (0.45) | 5.24 (0.46) | 5.18 (.40) | 5.22 (0.43) | 5.24 (0.45) | .42 | |
  Female | 50.77% (436) | 49.89% (114) | 33.40% (57) | 56.99% (17) | 48.87% (634) | < .05* | |
  Ethnicity |  |  |  |  |  | .15 | |
   Non-Hispanic white | 78.07% (665) | 70.42% (180) | 67.49% (106) | 74.08% (24) | 75.59% (975) |  | |
   Non-Hispanic black | 7.13% (48) | 6.15% (15) | 6.33% (5) | 15.30% (4) | 7.05% (72) |  | |
   Hispanic & Other | 14.80% (142) | 23.43% (41) | 26.18% (30) | 10.62% (4) | 17.37% (217) |  | |
  Computer usage | 2.30 (0.80) | 2.30 (0.92) | 2.30 (0.86) | 2.33 (0.98) | 2.30 (0.83) | .90 | |
  Hours watching TV after dinner | 0.69 (0.73) | 0.89 (0.87) | 0.79 (0.73) | 0.84 (0.79) | 0.74 (0.76) | .22 | |
2. Parenting capacity | |||||||
 Parents’ education |  |  |  |  |  | .47 | |
  Lower than high school | 1.93% (20) | 2.61% (6) | 2.56% (4) | 0% (0) | 2.08% (30) |  | |
  High school | 19.91% (164) | 18.68% (50) | 25.31% (41) | 29.51% (11) | 20.48% (266) |  | |
  Greater than high school | 76.40% (661) | 73.98% (173) | 70.66% (95) | 70.49% (21) | 75.27% (950) |  | |
 Mom’s employment | 2.88 (1.25) | 3.10 (1.32) | 3.09 (1.23) | 3.13 (1.23) | 2.95 (1.26) | .30 | |
 Parent income | 8.69 (2.73) | 8.42 (3.32) | 7.99 (2.89) | 7.38 (2.98) | 8.53 (2.87) | < .05* | |
3. Family Function | |||||||
 Family structure | 82.88% (742) | 76.28% (183) | 77.26% (116) | 70.54% (26) | 80.94% (1067) | .20 | |
 Family size with members less than 18 years old | 2.42 (0.93) | 2.36 (0.99) | 2.28 (0.95) | 2.28 (1.22) | 2.39 (0.95) | .30 | |
 Family TV restriction | 86.63% (764) | 85.03% (201) | 84.54% (125) | 96.35% (31) | 86.33% (1121) | .66 | |
 Primary caregiver | 46.84% (402) | 52.97% (123) | 48.61% (78) | 43.16% (14) | 47.97% (617) | .39 | |
 Food security | 0.34 (1.37) | 0.30 (1.23) | 0.37 (1.31) | 0.48 (2.20) | 0.34 (1.37) | .74 | |
4. School | |||||||
 School’s ratio of minorities | 1.97 (1.24) | 1.91 (1.41) | 2.01 (1.43) | 1.84 (1.41) | 1.96 (1.29) | .67 | |
 School free lunch program | 23.23 (21.85) | 25.72 (22.85) | 25.25 (21.57) | 35.32 (27.93) | 24.23 (22.19) | .21 | |
5. Environment | |||||||
 Urbanity |  |  |  |  |  | < .01** | |
  Large city | 22.57% (215) | 17.0% (46) | 23.17% (34) | 17.00% (5) | 21.62% (300) |  | |
  Mid-size city | 50.72% (369) | 40.07% (93) | 37.43% (47) | 41.23% (12) | 47.34% (521) |  | |
  Small town and rural | 26.71% (271) | 42.85% (97) | 39.40% (60) | 41.77% (15) | 31.04% (443) |  |