Table 3 Adjusted and unadjusted determinants of timing of onset of smoking
Characteristics | IR per 10,000 | HR(95% CI) | p-value | aHR(95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | |||||
< 20 | 70 | 1.42 [1.23–1.64]* | 0.000 | 1.27 [1.03–1.57]* | 0.027 |
20–29 | 91 | 1.53 [1.34–1.75]* | 0.000 | 1.42 [1.17–1.71]* | 0.000 |
30–39 | 72 | 1.41 [1.23–1.62]* | 0.000 | 1.27 [1.05–1.53]* | 0.012 |
40–49 | 72 | 1.64 [1.43–1.87]* | 0.000 | 1.43 [1.20–1.71]* | 0.000 |
50–59 | 64 | 1.67 [1.46–1.92]* | 0.000 | 1.46 [1.22–1.74]* | 0.000 |
> =60 | 31 | Reference | |||
Sex | |||||
Males | 120 | 3.40 [3.17–3.66]* | 0.000 | 3.37 [3.08–3.68]* | 0.000 |
Females | 34 | Reference | |||
Location | |||||
Rural | 63 | Reference | |||
Urban | 75 | 1.40 [1.30–1.51]* | 0.000 | 1.29 [1.16–1.44]* | 0.000 |
Province | |||||
Western Cape | 145 | 4.27 [3.70–4.93]* | 0.000 | 2.72 [2.16–3.42]* | 0.000 |
Eastern Cape | 73 | 2.12 [1.81–2.49]* | 0.000 | 2.02 [1.60–2.54]* | 0.000 |
Northern Cape | 115 | 3.37 [2.86–3.97]* | 0.000 | 2.28 [1.78–2.91]* | 0.000 |
Free State | 96 | 2.72 [2.27–3.25]* | 0.000 | 3.09 [2.42–3.94]* | 0.000 |
Kwazulu Natal | 53 | 1.56 [1.34–1.83]* | 0.000 | 1.80 [1.42–2.28]* | 0.000 |
North West | 34 | Reference | |||
Gauteng | 43 | 1.19 [1.01–1.39]* | 0.040 | 1.28 [1.01–1.63]* | 0.040 |
Mpumalanga | 40 | 1.16 [0.96–1.41] | 0.122 | 1.60 [1.23–2.08]* | 0.000 |
Limpopo | 37 | 1.10 [0.90–1.34] | 0.356 | 1.59 [1.21–2.09]* | 0.001 |
Race | |||||
African | 46 | Reference | |||
White | 64 | 1.52 [1.30–1.78]* | 0.000 | 1.98 [1.61–2.43]* | 0.000 |
Coloured | 148 | 3.33 [3.09–3.58]* | 0.000 | 2.70 [2.40–3.04]* | 0.000 |
Indian | 55 | 1.27 [1.12–1.45]* | 0.000 | 1.56 [1.29–1.89]* | 0.000 |
Other | 84 | 1.49 [0.77–2.86] | 0.235 | 1.32 [0.55–3.16] | 0.537 |
Nationality | |||||
South African Citizen | 65 | 1.86 [0.70–4.95] | 0.216 | ||
Non - Citizen (PR) | 57 | 1.40 [0.49–4.00] | 0.530 | ||
Non-Citizen (Refugee) | 56 | 1.30 [0.41–4.14] | 0.659 | ||
Other (Specify) | 44 | Reference | |||
Marital Status | |||||
Never Married | 78 | 1.34 [1.17–1.53]* | 0.000 | 1.05 [0.88–1.24] | 0.595 |
Currently Married | 65 | 1.29 [1.13–1.46]* | 0.000 | 0.90 [0.78–1.05] | 0.201 |
Formerly Married | 42 | Reference | |||
Employment Status | |||||
Unemployed | 64 | Reference | |||
Employed | 76 | 1.11 [1.03–1.20]* | 0.005 | 0.86 [0.78–0.94]* | 0.001 |
Educational Attainment | |||||
No formal education | 61 | 1.52 [1.31–1.76]* | 0.000 | 1.02 [1.01–1.03]* | 0.000 |
Grade 8–12 | 72 | 1.47 [1.28–1.69]* | 0.000 | 1.02 [1.01–1.02]* | 0.000 |
Higher education | 48 | Reference | |||
Wealth Quintile | |||||
Lowest | 66 | Reference | |||
Lower | 60 | 0.94 [0.83–1.07] | 0.349 | 0.90 [0.79–1.03] | 0.140 |
Middle | 62 | 0.98 [0.87–1.10] | 0.691 | 0.78 [0.68–0.89]* | 0.000 |
Higher | 79 | 1.23 [1.10–1.38]* | 0.000 | 0.77 [0.68–0.88]* | 0.000 |
Highest | 79 | 0.92 [0.82–1.03] | 0.165 | 0.54 [0.46–0.63]* | 0.000 |
Total | 65 | ||||