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Table 2 Crude (unadjusted) and adjusted odds ratios of determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea, 2016–2018

From: Determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in Papua New Guinea: a population-based study using the 2016-2018 demographic and health survey data

Variables

EIB

COR[95%CI]

AOR[95%CI]

Mother's age at childbirth

 Less than 20

Ref

Ref

 20–29

1.607**[1.192,2.165]

1.583**[1.147,2.185]

 30+

1.632**[1.205,2.212]

1.631**[1.140,2.335]

Mother's education

 No education

Ref

 

 Primary

0.977 [0.810,1.179]

–

 Secondary or higher

0.932 [0.758,1.145]

–

Mother’s religion

 Orthodox

Ref

 

 Protestants

1.071 [0.911,1.260]

–

 Other

0.868 [0.713,1.056]

–

Wealth

 Poorest

Ref

 

 Poorer

0.992 [0.775,1.270]

–

 Middle

1.041 [0.821,1.319]

–

 Richer

0.875 [0.700,1.095]

–

 Richest

0.884 [0.705,1.110]

–

Residence

 Urban

Ref

 

 Rural

1.177 [0.995,1.393]

 

Region

 Southern region

Ref

Ref

 Highlands region

0.855 [0.705,1.037]

0.87 [0.713,1.060]

 Momase region

0.919 [0.749,1.128]

0.869 [0.703,1.075]

 Islands region

0.715***[0.590,0.867]

0.690***[0.565,0.842]

Birth order of child

 1

Ref

Ref

 2–3

1.288** [1.074,1.544]

1.146 [0.940,1.398]

 4+

1.263* [1.048,1.522]

1.084 [0.853,1.378]

Number of ANC visits

 No ANC

Ref

Ref

 1–3

0.904 [0.736,1.110]

–

 4+

0.85 [0.713,1.014]

–

Mode of delivery

 Vaginal delivery

Ref

Ref

 Caesarean section

0.231***[0.148,0.360]

0.286***[0.182,0.451]

Place of delivery

 Health facility

0.822** [0.710,0.952]

0.752** [0.624,0.905]

 Home

Ref

Ref

Child size at birth

 Small

Ref

Ref

 Average

1.162 [0.965,1.401]

–

 Large

1.074 [0.893,1.292]

–

Skin-to-skin contact

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.374***[1.192,1.583]

1.640***[1.385,1.942]

Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

0.978 [0.814,1.175]

0.994 [0.812,1.218]

 At least once a week

0.730** [0.599,0.890]

0.781*[0.619,0.986]

Frequency of watching TV

 Not at all

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a week

1.153 [0.901,1.476]

1.141 [0.875,1.488]

 At least once a week

0.798*[0.647,0.984]

0.885 [0.692,1.131]

Frequency of listening to radio

 Not at all

Ref

 

 Less than once a week

0.935 [0.775,1.128]

–

 At least once a week

0.87 [0.719,1.054]

–

N

 

3198

pseudo R2

 

0.028

  1. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, Ref reference, COR Crude Odds Ratio, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio
  2. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
  3. Source: PDHS (2016–2018)