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Table 4 Incidence of mothers’ inappropriate parental behaviors and the associated factors

From: Incidence of and improvement in inappropriate parental behaviors of mothers with young children: a retrospective cohort study conducted in collaboration with a local government

Factorsd

Inappropriate parental behaviorsa

(42-month-old check-up)

   

Yes

No

RRb

95% CI

P valuec

N = 165

%

N = 300

%

Child’s sex

 Male

87

35.5

158

64.5

1.00

0.78–1.28

0.99

 Female

78

35.5

142

64.5

1.00

  

Order of birth

 First child

76

36.5

132

63.5

1.06

0.83–1.35

0.67

 Second or later

89

34.6

168

65.4

1.00

  

Single or multiple birth

 Single

164

35.7

296

64.3

1.78

0.31–10.33

0.66

 Multiple

1

20.0

4

80.0

1.00

  

Gestational age at birth

 Less than 37 weeks

6

28.6

15

71.4

0.80

0.41–1.59

0.50

 37 weeks or more

159

35.8

285

64.2

1.00

  

Birth weight

 Less than 2500 g

9

26.5

25

73.5

0.73

0.41–1.30

0.25

 2500 g or more

156

36.2

275

63.8

1.00

  

Father’s age

 Younger than 30

44

36.7

76

63.3

1.06

0.81–1.39

0.70

 30 or older

118

34.7

222

65.3

1.00

  

Mother’s age

 Younger than 30

67

36.8

115

63.2

1.06

0.83–1.36

0.63

 30 or older

98

34.6

185

65.4

1.00

  

Mother’s employment

 Employed

91

36.4

159

63.6

1.00

0.78–1.28

0.98

 Not employed

73

36.5

127

63.5

1.00

  

Feelings in relation to the pregnancy

 Happy

119

34.9

222

65.1

1.00

  

 Unexpected or others

45

36.6

78

63.4

1.05

0.80–1.38

0.74

Mother’s health

 Good

117

33.5

232

66.5

1.00

  

 Easily tired or others

48

41.4

68

58.6

1.23

0.95–1.60

0.13

Mother’s feelings

 Good

134

33.8

263

66.2

1.00

  

 Not good, neutral

31

45.6

37

54.4

1.35

1.01–1.81

0.06

Family composition

 Nuclear family

134

35.4

243

64.5

1.01

0.74–1.38

0.96

 Extended family

31

35.2

57

64.8

1.00

  

Interpersonal problems at home

 Yes

27

42.9

36

57.1

1.23

0.90–1.69

0.22

 No

138

34.8

258

65.2

1.00

  

Financial problems at home

 Yes

22

55.0

18

45.0

1.61

1.18–2.20

0.01**

 No

143

34.1

276

65.9

1.00

  

Want to continue to raise children in this region? +

 Yes

128

34.6

242

65.4

0.87

0.65–1.16

0.35

 Other

37

39.8

56

60.2

1.00

  

Whether the father is parenting? +

 Always

102

34.9

190

65.1

0.99

0.76–1.28

0.93

 Other

59

35.3

108

64.7

1.00

  

Number of people to turn to for advice

 1 or less

13

35.1

24

64.9

0.99

0.63–1.56

0.96

 2 or more

152

35.5

276

64.5

1.00

  

Number of people to seek cooperation from

 1 or less

22

46.8

25

53.2

1.37

0.98–1.90

0.09

 2 or more

143

34.3

274

65.7

1.00

  
  1. **p < 0.01
  2. aFor some items, the total does not add up to the number in the top row due to missing data
  3. bRR relative risk
  4. cAnalysed using a chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test
  5. dSurvey items were collected from the health check-up files at 4 months. The + indicates items collected at 18 months