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Table 4 Linear regression estimates: predictors of health utility and the MSQOL-54 composite scores of the total study population (the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and elsewhere (Germany or Italy)), 2019

From: Health-related quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients: a European multi-country study

 

Health utility Univariate

Health utility Multivariate a

PHCS Univariate

PHCS Multivariate

MHCS Univariate

MHCS Multivariate

Age (years)

−0.006 (0.002)***

 

−0.257 (0.120)**

 

0.149 (0.154)

 

Age at diagnosis (years)

−0.007 (0.002)**

 

−0.159 (0.124)

 

−0.010 (0.156)

 

Time since diagnosis (years)

−0.000 (0.003)

 

−0.190 (0.163)

 

0.282 (0.205)

 

Gender (female vs. male)

0.055 (0.047)

 

0.482 (3.098)

 

−3.742 (3.883)

 

Marital status

 Single

  Partnered

0.119 (0.061) *

 

3.770 (3.923)

 

6.816 (4.958)

 

  Married

0.084 (0.052)

 

5.372 (3.384)

 

7.889 (4.289)*

 

  Divorced

−0.070 (0.110)

 

−4.081 (7.097)

 

9.444 (8.921)

 

  Widowed

0.171 (0.280)

 

−3.549 (17.383)

 

16.736 (21.807)

 

Educational level

 Primary education

  Secondary education

−0.296 (0.274)

 

−38.651 (17.450)**

 

−23.068 (22.460)

 

  Vocational/technical education

−0.223 (0.266)

 

−33.782 (16.940)**

 

−25.104 (21.803)

 

  University

−0.119 (0.265)

 

−27.890 (16.905)

 

−24.458 (21.759)

 

  Other

−0.160 (0.285)

 

−32.622 (18.163)*

 

−24.722 (23.377)

 

Country of residence

 United Kingdom

  France

0.281 (0.073)***

0.131 (0.034)***

10.251 (4.968)**

 

−3.051 (6.137)

 

  The Netherlands

0.098 (0.070)

 

10.174 (4.800)**

5.364 (2.445)**

7.168 (5.912)

 

  Spain

0.293 (0.103)***

 

23.758 (6.907)***

11.074 (5.002)***

11.000 (8.633)

 

  Elsewhere

0.195 (0.100)*

 

18.075 (6.722)***

 

2.663 (8.395)

 

Type of MSI

 CIS / RRMS

  PPMS

−0.387 (0.062)***

−0.215 (0.058)***

−21.055 (4.219)***

−13.024 (4.208)***

−17.066 (5.343)***

−17.815 (5.326)***

  SPMS

−0.143 (0.062)**

 

−9.204 (4.105)**

 

7.183 (5.343)

 

EDSS

 EDSS <= 2.5

  EDSS 3–5.5

−0.161 (0.051)***

−0.129 (0.048)***

−12.436 (3.482)***

−11.320 (3.419)***

− 1.415 (4.847)

 

  EDSS > = 6

−0.485 (0.056)***

− 0.383 (0.056)***

−25.362 (3.854)***

−21.194 (3.997)***

−7.789 (5.294)

 

  Unknown / missing

−0.151 (0.043)***

−0.113 (0.040)***

−11.534 (2.906)***

−10.677 (2.851)***

−7.121 (4.064)*

 

Current line of treatment

 Treatment naive

  1st-line DMT

0.259 (0.071)***

 

10.778 (4.785)**

 

1.709 (5.970)

 

  2nd-line DMT

0.115 (0.069)

 

4.477 (4.677)

 

1.259 (5.844)

 

  Treatment experience but currently no DMT

0.127 (0.077)*

 

4.857 (5.137)

 

3.450 (6.429)

 
  1. PHCS Physical health composite score, MHCS Mental health composite score, CIS Clinically isolated syndrome, RRMS Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, PPMS Primary progressive multiple sclerosis SPMS Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, EDSS Expanded Disability Status Scale, DMT Disease modifying therapy. a Results show the regression with utility calculated using the country-specific tariffs. The multivariate regression was re-run calculating the utility with only the Dutch tariffs; country of residence was no longer a significant variable (Additional file 1 Table A3)
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1 Standard errors are in parenthesis