From: Health-related quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients: a European multi-country study
 | Health utility Univariate | Health utility Multivariate a | PHCS Univariate | PHCS Multivariate | MHCS Univariate | MHCS Multivariate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.006 (0.002)*** |  | −0.257 (0.120)** |  | 0.149 (0.154) |  |
Age at diagnosis (years) | −0.007 (0.002)** |  | −0.159 (0.124) |  | −0.010 (0.156) |  |
Time since diagnosis (years) | −0.000 (0.003) |  | −0.190 (0.163) |  | 0.282 (0.205) |  |
Gender (female vs. male) | 0.055 (0.047) |  | 0.482 (3.098) |  | −3.742 (3.883) |  |
Marital status | ||||||
 Single | ||||||
  Partnered | 0.119 (0.061) * |  | 3.770 (3.923) |  | 6.816 (4.958) |  |
  Married | 0.084 (0.052) |  | 5.372 (3.384) |  | 7.889 (4.289)* |  |
  Divorced | −0.070 (0.110) |  | −4.081 (7.097) |  | 9.444 (8.921) |  |
  Widowed | 0.171 (0.280) |  | −3.549 (17.383) |  | 16.736 (21.807) |  |
Educational level | ||||||
 Primary education | ||||||
  Secondary education | −0.296 (0.274) |  | −38.651 (17.450)** |  | −23.068 (22.460) |  |
  Vocational/technical education | −0.223 (0.266) |  | −33.782 (16.940)** |  | −25.104 (21.803) |  |
  University | −0.119 (0.265) |  | −27.890 (16.905) |  | −24.458 (21.759) |  |
  Other | −0.160 (0.285) |  | −32.622 (18.163)* |  | −24.722 (23.377) |  |
Country of residence | ||||||
 United Kingdom | ||||||
  France | 0.281 (0.073)*** | 0.131 (0.034)*** | 10.251 (4.968)** |  | −3.051 (6.137) |  |
  The Netherlands | 0.098 (0.070) |  | 10.174 (4.800)** | 5.364 (2.445)** | 7.168 (5.912) |  |
  Spain | 0.293 (0.103)*** |  | 23.758 (6.907)*** | 11.074 (5.002)*** | 11.000 (8.633) |  |
  Elsewhere | 0.195 (0.100)* |  | 18.075 (6.722)*** |  | 2.663 (8.395) |  |
Type of MSI | ||||||
 CIS / RRMS | ||||||
  PPMS | −0.387 (0.062)*** | −0.215 (0.058)*** | −21.055 (4.219)*** | −13.024 (4.208)*** | −17.066 (5.343)*** | −17.815 (5.326)*** |
  SPMS | −0.143 (0.062)** |  | −9.204 (4.105)** |  | 7.183 (5.343) |  |
EDSS | ||||||
 EDSS <= 2.5 | ||||||
  EDSS 3–5.5 | −0.161 (0.051)*** | −0.129 (0.048)*** | −12.436 (3.482)*** | −11.320 (3.419)*** | − 1.415 (4.847) |  |
  EDSS > = 6 | −0.485 (0.056)*** | − 0.383 (0.056)*** | −25.362 (3.854)*** | −21.194 (3.997)*** | −7.789 (5.294) |  |
  Unknown / missing | −0.151 (0.043)*** | −0.113 (0.040)*** | −11.534 (2.906)*** | −10.677 (2.851)*** | −7.121 (4.064)* |  |
Current line of treatment | ||||||
 Treatment naive | ||||||
  1st-line DMT | 0.259 (0.071)*** |  | 10.778 (4.785)** |  | 1.709 (5.970) |  |
  2nd-line DMT | 0.115 (0.069) |  | 4.477 (4.677) |  | 1.259 (5.844) |  |
  Treatment experience but currently no DMT | 0.127 (0.077)* |  | 4.857 (5.137) |  | 3.450 (6.429) |  |