Education can modify the long term impact of early childhood famine exposure on adulthood economic achievement: a historical cohort study among the survivors of the great Ethiopian famine 1983–85

Table 2 Association of prenatal famine exposure and economic achievement in adults (unadjusted model), Multinomial logistic regression analysis, Wollo, Ethiopia (n = 968)

Variables	Wealth index tertiles	In utero exposed		Postnatal exposed		Unexposed
Variables	Wealth index tertiles	Exp (β)	95%CI	Exp (β)	95%CI	Ref.
Female	Low	0.58*	0.38,0.88	0.99	0.69,1.40	Ref.
Female	Medium	0.70	0.42,1.17	0.75	0.49,1.14	Ref.
Urban	Low	0.63*	0.45,0.87	0.64	0.45,0.91	Ref.
Urban	Medium	1.00	0.66,1.53	0.89	0.58,1.38	Ref.
Can’t ‘read or write	Low	3.37*	2.06,5.51	3.19*	1.80,5.66	Ref.
Primary education	Low	2.22*	1.31,3.76	2.49*	1.33,4.68	Ref.
Secondary education	Low	1.37	0.80,2.37	1.81	0.96,3.40	Ref.
Can’t ‘read or write	Medium	1.46	0.84,2.51	1.68	0.84,3.38	Ref.
Primary education	Medium	1.51	0.86,2.66	2.33*	1.13,4.80	Ref.
Secondary education	Medium	1.36	0.78,2.37	2.36*	1.18,4.75	Ref.
Age**	Low	1.05	1.02,1.09	1.04	1.01,1.07	Ref.
Age**	Medium	1.00	0.97,1.03	0.99	0.96,1.03	Ref.
Family size**	Low	1.02	0.98,1.07	1.04	0.99,1.10	Ref.
Family size**	Medium	0.96	0.91,1.01	0.94	0.88,1.00	Ref.
MoCA Score**	Low	0.97*	0.96,0.99	0.98	0.97,0.99	Ref.
MoCA Score**	Medium	0.99	0.97,1.00	1.02	0.99,1.01	Ref.
Height**	Low	1.00	0.98,1.01	0.99	0.98,1.04	Ref.
Height**	Medium	1.00	0.97,1.01	1.00	0.98,1.03	Ref.

High wealth index, Male gender, rural residence, tertiary and above education were the references
*Statistically significant at P < 0.05, **Results for these variables are presented as beta coefficients, Ref—Reference

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