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Table 2 Association of prenatal famine exposure and economic achievement in adults (unadjusted model), Multinomial logistic regression analysis, Wollo, Ethiopia (n = 968)

From: Education can modify the long term impact of early childhood famine exposure on adulthood economic achievement: a historical cohort study among the survivors of the great Ethiopian famine 1983–85

Variables Wealth index tertiles In utero exposed Postnatal exposed Unexposed
Exp (β) 95%CI Exp (β) 95%CI Ref.
Female Low 0.58* 0.38,0.88 0.99 0.69,1.40 Ref.
Medium 0.70 0.42,1.17 0.75 0.49,1.14 Ref.
Urban Low 0.63* 0.45,0.87 0.64 0.45,0.91 Ref.
Medium 1.00 0.66,1.53 0.89 0.58,1.38 Ref.
Can’t ‘read or write Low 3.37* 2.06,5.51 3.19* 1.80,5.66 Ref.
Primary education Low 2.22* 1.31,3.76 2.49* 1.33,4.68 Ref.
Secondary education Low 1.37 0.80,2.37 1.81 0.96,3.40 Ref.
Can’t ‘read or write Medium 1.46 0.84,2.51 1.68 0.84,3.38 Ref.
Primary education Medium 1.51 0.86,2.66 2.33* 1.13,4.80 Ref.
Secondary education Medium 1.36 0.78,2.37 2.36* 1.18,4.75 Ref.
Age** Low 1.05 1.02,1.09 1.04 1.01,1.07 Ref.
Medium 1.00 0.97,1.03 0.99 0.96,1.03 Ref.
Family size** Low 1.02 0.98,1.07 1.04 0.99,1.10 Ref.
Medium 0.96 0.91,1.01 0.94 0.88,1.00 Ref.
MoCA Score** Low 0.97* 0.96,0.99 0.98 0.97,0.99 Ref.
Medium 0.99 0.97,1.00 1.02 0.99,1.01 Ref.
Height** Low 1.00 0.98,1.01 0.99 0.98,1.04 Ref.
Medium 1.00 0.97,1.01 1.00 0.98,1.03 Ref.
  1. High wealth index, Male gender, rural residence, tertiary and above education were the references
  2. *Statistically significant at P < 0.05, **Results for these variables are presented as beta coefficients, Ref—Reference