Education can modify the long term impact of early childhood famine exposure on adulthood economic achievement: a historical cohort study among the survivors of the great Ethiopian famine 1983–85

Table 3 Association of prenatal famine exposure and economic achievement in adults (adjusted model), Multinomial logistic regression analysis, Wollo, Ethiopia

Models	Wealth index	Variables	In utero exposed		Postnatal exposed		Unexposed
Models	Wealth index	Variables	Exp (β)	95%CI	Exp(β)	95%CI	Ref.
Model 1	Low	Exposed	1.93*	1.40, 2.64	2.12*	1.45, 3.08	Ref.
Model 1	Medium	Exposed	1.04	0.69,1.55	1.01	0.64, 1.59	Ref.
Model 2	Low	Age**	1.04	0.95, 1.14	0.88	0.63, 1.22	Ref.
		Height**	1.00	0.98, 1.02	0.98	0.96, 1.00	Ref.
		Female	1.00	0.73, 1.36	0.92	0.63, 1.34	Ref.
		Exposed	1.65	0.99, 2.75	4.97	0.59, 42.09	Ref.
	Medium	Age**	0.99	0.89, 1.09	0.92	0.63, 1.35	Ref.
		Height**	1.00	0.98, 1.02	1.00	0.98, 1.03	Ref.
		Female	0.95	0.66, 1.37	0.72	0.46, 1.14	Ref.
		Exposed	1.1	0.59, 2.03	1.75	0.15, 20.86	Ref.
Model 3	Low	Age**	0.99	0.90, 1.09	0.86	0.62, 1.21	Ref.
		Height**	1.00	0.98, 1.02	0.98	0.96, 1.00	Ref.
		Family size**	1.02	0.93, 1.11	1.00	0.90, 1.11	Ref.
		MoCA Score**	0.98	0.95, 1.01	1.00	0.96,1.04	Ref.
		Female	0.78	0.56, 1.08	0.73	0.48, 1.09	Ref.
		Urban residence	1.26	0.84, 1.89	1.15	0.67, 1.99	Ref.
		Can’t read or write	3.00*	1.74, 5.18	2.92*	1.48, 5.76	Ref.
		Primary education	2.04*	1.18, 3.54	2.17*	1.12, 4.22	Ref.
		Secondary education	1.39	0.8, 2.41	1.9	0.98, 3.61	Ref.
		Exposed	1.77	1.04, 3.00	4.74	0.53, 42.28	Ref.
	Medium	Age**	0.99	0.89, 1.09	0.97	0.66, 1.42	Ref.
		Height**	1.00	0.98, 1.02	1.00	0.98, 1.03	Ref.
		Family size**	0.91	0.81, 1.02	0.82	0.70, 0.95	Ref.
		MoCA Score**	0.98	0.95, 1.02	0.98	0.94, 1.03	Ref.
		Females	0.9	0.61, 1.31	0.69	0.42, 1.12	Ref.
		Urban residence	1.12	0.67, 1.85	1.67	0.89, 3.15	Ref.
		Can’t ‘read or write	1.41	0.77, 2.61	1.86	0.82, 4.18	Ref.
		Primary education	1.52	0.84, 2.75	2.24*	1.04, 4.81	Ref.
		Secondary education	1.34	0.77, 2.33	2.33*	1.15, 4.72	Ref.
		Exposed	1.05	0.56, 1.96	1.2	0.1, 14.99	Ref.

High wealth index, Male gender, rural residence, tertiary and above education were the references for
*Statistically significant at P < 0.05, **Results for these variables are presented as beta coefficients

ISSN: 2049-3258