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Table 3 Association of prenatal famine exposure and economic achievement in adults (adjusted model), Multinomial logistic regression analysis, Wollo, Ethiopia

From: Education can modify the long term impact of early childhood famine exposure on adulthood economic achievement: a historical cohort study among the survivors of the great Ethiopian famine 1983–85

Models Wealth index Variables In utero exposed Postnatal exposed Unexposed
Exp (β) 95%CI Exp(β) 95%CI Ref.
Model 1 Low Exposed 1.93* 1.40, 2.64 2.12* 1.45, 3.08 Ref.
Medium Exposed 1.04 0.69,1.55 1.01 0.64, 1.59 Ref.
Model 2 Low Age** 1.04 0.95, 1.14 0.88 0.63, 1.22 Ref.
Height** 1.00 0.98, 1.02 0.98 0.96, 1.00 Ref.
Female 1.00 0.73, 1.36 0.92 0.63, 1.34 Ref.
Exposed 1.65 0.99, 2.75 4.97 0.59, 42.09 Ref.
Medium Age** 0.99 0.89, 1.09 0.92 0.63, 1.35 Ref.
Height** 1.00 0.98, 1.02 1.00 0.98, 1.03 Ref.
Female 0.95 0.66, 1.37 0.72 0.46, 1.14 Ref.
Exposed 1.1 0.59, 2.03 1.75 0.15, 20.86 Ref.
Model 3 Low Age** 0.99 0.90, 1.09 0.86 0.62, 1.21 Ref.
Height** 1.00 0.98, 1.02 0.98 0.96, 1.00 Ref.
Family size** 1.02 0.93, 1.11 1.00 0.90, 1.11 Ref.
MoCA Score** 0.98 0.95, 1.01 1.00 0.96,1.04 Ref.
Female 0.78 0.56, 1.08 0.73 0.48, 1.09 Ref.
Urban residence 1.26 0.84, 1.89 1.15 0.67, 1.99 Ref.
Can’t read or write 3.00* 1.74, 5.18 2.92* 1.48, 5.76 Ref.
Primary education 2.04* 1.18, 3.54 2.17* 1.12, 4.22 Ref.
Secondary education 1.39 0.8, 2.41 1.9 0.98, 3.61 Ref.
Exposed 1.77 1.04, 3.00 4.74 0.53, 42.28 Ref.
Medium Age** 0.99 0.89, 1.09 0.97 0.66, 1.42 Ref.
Height** 1.00 0.98, 1.02 1.00 0.98, 1.03 Ref.
Family size** 0.91 0.81, 1.02 0.82 0.70, 0.95 Ref.
MoCA Score** 0.98 0.95, 1.02 0.98 0.94, 1.03 Ref.
Females 0.9 0.61, 1.31 0.69 0.42, 1.12 Ref.
Urban residence 1.12 0.67, 1.85 1.67 0.89, 3.15 Ref.
Can’t ‘read or write 1.41 0.77, 2.61 1.86 0.82, 4.18 Ref.
Primary education 1.52 0.84, 2.75 2.24* 1.04, 4.81 Ref.
Secondary education 1.34 0.77, 2.33 2.33* 1.15, 4.72 Ref.
Exposed 1.05 0.56, 1.96 1.2 0.1, 14.99 Ref.
  1. High wealth index, Male gender, rural residence, tertiary and above education were the references for
  2. *Statistically significant at P < 0.05, **Results for these variables are presented as beta coefficients