The influence of late retirement on health outcomes among older adults in the policy context of delayed retirement initiative: an empirical attempt of clarifying identification bias

Li, Jiannan; Yuan, Bocong; Lan, Junbang

doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00582-8

Archives of Public Health

Table 5 The influence of late retirement on difficulty in physical functioning and problems of cognitive status (Heckman two-stage regression)

From: The influence of late retirement on health outcomes among older adults in the policy context of delayed retirement initiative: an empirical attempt of clarifying identification bias

	Dependent variables
	Difficulty in physical functioning (2018)			Problems of cognitive status (2018)
	Coef.	S.E.	95% CI	Coef.	S.E.	95% CI
Late retirement status of 2015	−0.353^**	0.023	[−0.399, − 0.308]	−0.069 ^**	0.026	[−0.119, − 0.018]
Social behavior	− 0.130 ^**	0.020	[− 0.169, − 0.091]	− 0.084 ^**	0.023	[− 0.129, − 0.039]
Health insurance	− 0.045	0.042	[− 0.127, 0.037]	0.121 ^**	0.043	[0.036, 0.205]
Gender
Male	REF.			REF.
Female	−0.317 ^**	0.060	[−0.435, − 0.199]	−0.207 ^**	0.059	[−0.323, − 0.091]
Age	− 0.047 ^**	0.007	[− 0.060, − 0.033]	− 0.011	0.007	[− 0.025, 0.002]
Education
Less than lower secondary	REF.			REF.
Upper, secondary & vocational training	−0.194 ^**	0.039	[− 0.271, − 0.116]	−0.077	0.049	[−0.174, 0.020]
Tertiary	−0.284 ^**	0.084	[− 0.448, − 0.120]	−0.095	0.111	[−0.313, 0.123]
Marriage
Married	REF.			REF.
Partnered	−0.030	0.046	[−0.120, 0.061]	− 0.015	0.059	[−0.131, 0.100]
Separated	0.205	0.229	[−0.244, 0.654]	−0.036	0.185	[−0.399, 0.327]
Divorced	−0.030	0.128	[−0.282, 0.221]	0.046	0.177	[−0.301, 0.392]
Widowed	0.011	0.031	[−0.049, 0.071]	− 0.002	0.034	[−0.068, 0.064]
Never married	0.017	0.099	[−0.177, 0.211]	0.002	0.156	[−0.305, 0.308]
Residence
Central city/town	REF.			REF.
Urban-rural integration zone	0.137 ^**	0.049	[0.041, 0.234]	0.025	0.057	[−0.086, 0.136]
Rural	0.269 ^**	0.030	[0.211, 0.328]	0.161 ^**	0.034	[0.094, 0.228]
Special zone	0.096	0.208	[−0.311, 0.503]	−0.086	0.184	[−0.446, 0.274]
Inverse mills ratio	1.061 ^**	0.104	[0.856, 1.265]	0.384 ^**	0.102	[0.184, 0.584]
Intercept	4.353 ^**	0.435	[3.500, 5.207]	4.010 ^**	0.428	[3.172, 4.849]
Observations	3757			3223
F-statistics	69.27			10.44
[P-value]	[0.000]			[0.000]

Notes: The Heckman two-stage regression (1st stage) is conducted by regressing late retirement (2015) on self-reported health (2015), health care services (2015), age and gender, according to which the Inverse Mills Ratio (IMR) is obtained and applied in the 2nd stage regression.
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01

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ISSN: 2049-3258

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