Table 1 Background characteristics and early ANC attendance among women in PNG
Variable | N=4,274 | Early ANC attendance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | No (%) 3306(77.0%) | Yes (%) 968(23%) | |
Age ( χ 2 =13.3, p =0.038) | ||||
15-19 | 156 | 3.6 | 77.6 | 22.5 |
20-24 | 969 | 22.7 | 75.2 | 24.8 |
25-29 | 1,156 | 27.0 | 78.9 | 21.1 |
30-34 | 906 | 21.2 | 81.7 | 18.3 |
35-39 | 658 | 15.4 | 78.5 | 21.5 |
40-44 | 340 | 8.0 | 79.5 | 20.5 |
45-49 | 89 | 2.1 | 83.9 | 16.1 |
Wealth ( χ 2 =14.0, p =0.007) | ||||
Poorest | 641 | 15.0 | 74.7 | 25.4 |
Poorer | 787 | 18.4 | 76.0 | 24.0 |
Middle | 881 | 20.6 | 78.5 | 21.5 |
Richer | 947 | 22.2 | 81.6 | 18.4 |
Richest | 1,018 | 23.8 | 79.6 | 20.4 |
Working ( χ 2 =9.1, p =0.003) | ||||
Not working | 2,746 | 64.3 | 80.3 | 19.7 |
Working | 1,528 | 35.7 | 76.5 | 23.5 |
Education ( χ 2 =16.9, p =0.001) | ||||
No education | 757 | 17.7 | 74.2 | 25.9 |
Primary | 2,189 | 51.2 | 80.0 | 20.0 |
Secondary | 1091 | 25.5 | 80.1 | 19.9 |
Higher | 237 | 5.5 | 72.3 | 27.8 |
Partner Education ( χ 2 =7.30, p =0.063) | ||||
No education | 663 | 15.5 | 75.8 | 24.2 |
Primary | 1,774 | 41.5 | 79.5 | 20.5 |
Secondary | 1,396 | 32.7 | 80.0 | 20.1 |
Higher | 441 | 10.3 | 75.6 | 24.4 |
Marital status ( χ 2 =0.83, p =0.362) | ||||
Married | 3,570 | 83.5 | 78.6 | 21.4 |
Cohabiting | 704 | 16.5 | 80.1 | 19.9 |
Region ( χ 2 =66.7, p <0.001) | ||||
Southern region | 922 | 21.6 | 76.7 | 23.3 |
Highlands region | 1,579 | 37.0 | 73.4 | 26.7 |
Momase region | 1,082 | 25.3 | 78.1 | 21.9 |
Islands region | 690 | 16.2 | 86.9 | 13.1 |
Residence ( χ 2 =1.2, p =0.278) | ||||
Urban | 555 | 13.0 | 80.0 | 20.1 |
Rural | 3,719 | 87.0 | 78.4 | 21.6 |
Parity ( χ 2 =20.0, p <0.001) | ||||
1 | 1,034 | 24.2 | 75.3 | 24.7 |
2 | 903 | 21.1 | 76.7 | 23.4 |
3 | 781 | 18.3 | 83.0 | 17.0 |
4+ | 1,556 | 36.4 | 80.2 | 19.8 |
Pregnancy intention ( χ 2 =1.4, p =0.490) | ||||
Planned | 3,001 | 70.2 | 79.3 | 20.8 |
Mistimed | 526 | 12.3 | 77.0 | 23.0 |
Unwanted | 747 | 17.5 | 78.4 | 21.6 |
Permission to go to hospital ( χ 2 =0.6, p =0.453) | ||||
Big problem | 1,210 | 28.3 | 79.6 | 20.4 |
Not a big problem | 3,064 | 71.7 | 78.5 | 21.5 |
Getting money needed for treatment ( χ 2 =2.10, p =0.147) | ||||
Big problem | 2,521 | 59.0 | 78.0 | 22.0 |
Not a big problem | 1,753 | 41.0 | 79.9 | 20.1 |
Distance to health facility ( χ 2 =2.44, p =0.118) | ||||
Big problem | 2,275 | 53.2 | 77.8 | 22.2 |
Not a big problem | 1,999 | 46.8 | 79.8 | 20.2 |
Decision maker on healthcare ( χ 2 =0.0, p =1.00) | ||||
Not alone | 2,996 | 70.1 | 78.8 | 21.2 |
Alone | 1,278 | 29.9 | 78.8 | 21.2 |
Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine ( χ 2 =7.4, p =0.025) | ||||
Not at all | 2,566 | 60.0 | 77.8 | 22.2 |
Less than once a week | 930 | 21.8 | 81.9 | 18.1 |
At least once a week | 778 | 18.2 | 78.1 | 21.9 |
Frequency of listening to radio ( χ 2 =4.5, p =0.106) | ||||
Not at all | 2,622 | 61.3 | 79.3 | 20.7 |
Less than once a week | 870 | 20.4 | 80.0 | 20.0 |
At least once a week | 782 | 18.3 | 76.2 | 23.8 |
Frequency of watching television ( χ 2 =1.8, p =0.413) | ||||
Not at all | 3,188 | 74.6 | 79.3 | 20.7 |
Less than once a week | 439 | 10.3 | 77.8 | 22.2 |
At least once a week | 647 | 15.1 | 77.3 | 22.8 |
Sex of household head ( χ 2 =0.2, p =0.670) | ||||
Male | 3,669 | 85.8 | 78.7 | 21.3 |
Female | 605 | 14.2 | 79.5 | 20.5 |