Table 1 Individual and community-level characteristics of female adolescents in Ethiopia (n = 3172)
| Â | Frequency | % | Anemia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Individual-level Characteristics(n = 3172) | ||||
 Marital status | ||||
  Never married | 2445 | 77.0 | 78.32 | 21.9** |
  Married | 727 | 23.0 | 69.05 | 30.9 |
 Religion | ||||
  Orthodox | 1310 | 41.3 | 84.4 | 15.6** |
  Muslim | 1255 | 39.5 | 66.9 | 33.1 |
  Protestant | 568 | 17.9 | 78.4 | 21.6 |
  Others | 39 | 1.2 | 69.2 | 30.8 |
 Place of residence | ||||
  Urban | 1105 | 34.8 | 81.4 | 18.6* |
  Rural | 2067 | 65.2 | 73.4 | 26.6 |
 Level of education | ||||
  No Education | 504 | 15.9 | 60.91 | 39.1* |
  Primary education | 1859 | 58.9 | 77.1 | 22.9 |
  Secondary and higher education | 809 | 25.5 | 83.6 | 16.4 |
 Adolescent’s employment | ||||
  No | 2389 | 75.3 | 75.0 | 25.0* |
  Yes | 783 | 24.7 | 80.0 | 20.0 |
 Wealth Index | ||||
  Poorer | 715 | 22.5 | 61.7 | 38.3* |
  Poor | 379 | 12.0 | 77.3 | 22.7 |
  Middle | 435 | 13.7 | 78.2 | 21.8 |
  Rich | 457 | 14.4 | 81.2 | 18.8 |
  Richest | 1186 | 37.4 | 82.0 | 18.0 |
 Currently pregnant | ||||
  No | 3065 | 96.6 | 76.7 | 23.3* |
  Yes | 107 | 3.4 | 61.9 | 38.3 |
 Currently breastfeeding | ||||
  No | 2944 | 92.8 | 76.8 | 23.2* |
  Yes | 228 | 7.2 | 68.4 | 31.6 |
 Early childbearing | ||||
  No | 2841 | 89.6 | 77.5 | 22.5** |
  Yes | 331 | 10.4 | 65.3 | 34.7 |
 Current use of contraceptive | ||||
  No | 2972 | 93.7 | 75.8 | 24.2* |
  Yes | 200 | 6.3 | 82.5 | 17.5 |
 Nutritional status (BMI) | ||||
   < 18.5(underweight) | 1005 | 31.7 | 71.1 | 28.9** |
  18.5–24.9 (normal weight) | 2023 | 63.8 | 78.8 | 21.2 |
   ≥ 25 (overweight) | 144 | 4.6 | 75.0 | 25.0 |
 Visiting health facility in the last 12 months | ||||
  No | 2338 | 73.7 | 76.3 | 23.7 |
  Yes | 834 | 26.3 | 75.9 | 24.1 |
Community-level characteristics(n = 645) | ||||
 % of married adolescents in the community | ||||
  Low | 396 | 61.4 | 79.1 | 20.9** |
  High | 249 | 38.6 | 71.9 | 28.1 |
 % of adolescents who had childbearing history in the community | ||||
  Low | 418 | 64.8 | 78.6 | 21.4** |
  High | 227 | 35.3 | 72.5 | 27.5 |
 % of adolescents with secondary and higher education in the community | ||||
  Low | 286 | 44.3 | 73.2 | 26.8** |
  High | 359 | 55.7 | 78.8 | 21.1 |
 % of adolescents who use contraceptive in the community | ||||
  Low | 489 | 75.8 | 73.5 | 26.5** |
  High | 156 | 24.2 | 85.0 | 15 |
Outcome variable (Anemia) | ||||
 No anemia | 2417 | 76.2 |  |  |
 Anemia | 755 | 23.8 (95% CI; 22.3–25.2) |  |  |