Table 1 Frequency distribution of participants and urban-rural proportions across confounding variables, Evidence from 2017 Senegal Continuous-DHS

 15–19

10.42 (9.41–11.52)

4.46 (3.61–5.49)

5.96 (5.80, 6.03)

 20–24

17.99 (16.96–19.06)

12.27 (11.15–13.49)

5.72 (4.69–5.57)

 25–29

19.19 (18.18–20.25)

19.95 (18.53–21.44)

0.76 (− 0.35, − 1.19)

 30–34

19.10 (18.04–20.21)

21.08 (19.40–22.86)

−1.98 (− 1.36, − 2.65)

 35–39

14.18 (13.11–15.33)

16.69 (15.03–18.49)

−2.51 (− 1.92, −3.16)

 40–44

11.80 (10.93–12.73)

14.40 (13.17–15.72)

− 2.6 (− 2.24, − 2.99)

 45–49

7.28 (6.68–7.93)

11.13 (9.70–12.74)

−3.85 (− 3.02, − 4.81)

 No educated

73.92 (71.88–75.85)

40.71 (37.87–43.63)

33.21 (34.01, 32.22)

 Primary school

16.74 (15.30–18.29)

31.69 (29.46–34.01)

−14.95 (− 14.16, − 15.72)

 Secondary school

8.79 (7.83–9.84)

21.46 (19.63–23.40)

−12.67 (− 11.80, − 13.56)

 Higher

0.53 (0.37–0.77)

6.12 (4.68–7.97)

−5.59 (− 4.31, − 7.20)

 Muslim

98.10 (97.22–98.70)

96.12 (94.50–97.28)

1.98 (2.72, 1.42)

 Others

1.89 (1.29–2.77)

3.87 (2.71–5.49)

−1.98 (− 1.42, − 2.72)

 No

10.86 (9.42–12.50)

1.69 (1.31–2.17)

9.17 (8.11, 10.33)

 Yes

89.13 (87.49–90.57)

98.30 (97.82–98.68)

−9.17 (−10.33, −8.11)

 Poorest

34.07 (30.37–37.99)

2.20 (1.54–3.12)

31.87 (28.83, 34.87)

 Poor

31.42 (28.43–34.57)

4.62 (3.47–6.11)

26.8 (24.96, 28.46)

 Middle

21.74 (18.64–25.20)

18.55 (16.23–21.12)

3.19 (2.41,4.08)

 Rich

8.37 (6.48–10.76)

33.78 (30.02–37.75)

−25.41 (−23.54, −26.99)

 Richest

4.37 (2.71–6.95)

40.83 (36.50–45.31)

−36.46 (−33.79, −38.36)

 No cash-based employment

31.13 (27.24–35.32)

5.08 (4.13–6.23)

26.05 (23.11, 29.09)

 Cash-based employment

68.86 (64.67–72.75)

94.91 (93.76–95.86)

−26.05 (− 29.09, − 23.11)

 No empowerment

65.39 (62.94–67.76)

43.10 (39.68–46.58)

22.29 (21.18, 23.26)

 Moderate empowerment

24.20 (22.18–26.35)

37.54 (34.90–40.26)

−13.34 (− 12.72, − 13.91)

 High empowerment

10.39 (9.06–11.89)

19.35 (17.23–21.66)

−8.96 (− 8.17, −9.77)

 Dakar

2.23 (1.82–2.73)

49.36 (45.89–52.83)

−47.13 (−44.07, −50.10)

 Ziguinchor

2.90 (2.04–4.11)

2.86 (2.38–3.42)

0.04 (−0.34, 0.69)

 Diourbel

19.10 (17.46–20.85)

4.32 (3.43–5.44)

14.78 (14.03, 15.41)

 Saint-Louis

6.01 (5.11–7.07)

7.09 (6.39–7.85)

−1.08 (−0.78, 1.28)

 Tambacounda

7.96 (6.77–9.35)

2.52 (2.07–3.08)

5.44 (4.70, 6.27)

 Kaolack

7.67 (6.57–8.94)

5.42 (4.65–6.32)

2.25 (1.92, 2.62)

 Thies

12.01 (10.33–13.92)

14.05 (12.13–16.21)

−2.04 (−1.80, −2.29)

 Louga

9.58 (8.08–11.32)

3.25 (2.63–4.02)

6.33 (5.45, 7.30)

 Fatick

7.01 (6.16–7.97)

2.26 (1.86–2.73)

4.75 (4.30, 5.24)

 Kolda

7.05 (6.12–8.12)

3.10 (2.57–3.74)

3.95 (3.55, 4.38)

 Matam

5.37 (4.43–6.48)

1.93 (1.51–2.48)

3.44 (2.92, 4.00)

 Kaffrine

7.32 (6.46–8.28)

1.93 (1.52–2.46)

5.39 (4.94, 5.82)

 Kedougou

1.42 (1.01–2.00)

0.76 (0.60–0.97)

0.66 (0.41, 1.03)

 Sedhiou

4.29 (3.71–4.97)

1.07 (0.84–1.37)

3.22 (2.87, 3.60)

 Didn’t work

3.09 (2.56–3.72)

4.36 (3.47–5.46)

−1.27 (−0.91, −1.74)

 Professional or technical or managerial

6.40 (5.51–7.43)

20.10 (17.67–22.78)

−13.7 (− 12.16, − 15.35)

 Sales

18.31 (16.64–20.10)

19.08 (16.96–21.38)

− 0.77 (− 0.32, − 1.28)

 Agricultural-self-employed

31.17 (28.24–34.25)

4.14 (3.28–5.21)

27.07 (24.96, 29.04)

 Skilled manual

12.22 (10.64–14.00)

17.85 (16.04–19.82)

− 5.63 (− 5.40, − 5.82)

 Unskilled manual

14.48 (13.13–15.95)

20.30 (18.35–22.40)

−5.82 (− 5.22, − 6.45)

 Others

14.30 (12.72–16.04)

14.14 (12.64–15.78)

0.16 (0.08, 0.26)

 No educated

82.55 (80.40–84.51)

51.10 (48.05–54.15)

31.45 (32.35, 30.36)

 Primary school

9.16 (8.00–10.47)

19.93 (18.20–21.79)

−10.77 (− 10.2, − 11.32)

 Secondary school

6.32 (5.35–7.44)

18.83 (16.89–20.94)

−12.51 (− 11.54, − 13.50)

 Higher

1.95 (1.42–2.67)

10.11 (8.16–12.47)

−8.16 (−6.74, −9.80)

 Agree/accept/justify

33.68 (31.57–35.86)

15.67 (13.84–17.69)

18.01 (17.73, 18.17)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

66.31 (64.13–68.42)

84.32 (82.30–86.15)

−18.01 (− 18.17, − 17.73)

 Agree/accept/justify

50.27 (47.78–52.76)

26.64 (24.30–29.11)

23.63 (23.48, 23.65)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

49.72 (47.23–52.21)

73.35 (70.88–75.69)

−23.63 (− 23.65, − 23.48)

 Agree/accept/justify

52.60 (50.11–55.08)

25.35 (23.13–27.70)

27.25 (26.98, 27.38)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

47.39 (44.91–49.88)

74.64 (72.29–76.86)

−27.25 (− 27.38,-26.98)

 Agree/accept/justify

55.59 (53.09–58.07)

25.15 (22.86–27.59)

30.44 (30.23, 30.48)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

44.40 (41.92–46.90)

74.84 (72.40–77.13)

−30.44 (− 30.48, − 30.23)

 Agree/accept/justify

50.94 (48.56–53.30)

23.05 (20.90–25.36)

27.89 (27.66, 27.94)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

49.05 (46.69–51.43)

76.94 (74.63–79.09)

−27.89 (− 27.94, − 27.66)

 Agree/accept/justify

62.61 (60.23–64.93)

34.70 (31.96–37.54)

27.91 (27.39, 28.27)

 Disagree/not accept/not justify

37.38 (35.06–39.76)

65.29 (62.45–68.03)

−27.91 (− 27.39, − 28.27)

 Urban

NA

NA

NA

 Rural

NA

NA

NA