Blood lead and cadmium levels are negatively associated with bone mineral density in young female adults

Table 2 Association between LnBLL and lumbar bone mineral density (mg/cm²)

	Unadjusted model β (95% CI)	Minimally adjusted model β (95% CI)	Fully adjusted model β (95% CI)
Per 1 μmol/L increase	−9.2 (−16.4, −2.0)^*	−4.5 (− 12.1, 3.0)	−5.6 (− 13.5, 2.3)
Stratified by sex
Men	−1.6 (− 12.1, 8.8)	1.2 (− 9.0, 11.4)	3.3 (− 7.5, 14.0)
LnBLL (Quartile)
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	−23.1 (−42.3, −3.9)	− 21.6 (− 40.2, − 2.9)	−18.0 (− 37.0, 1.1)
Q3	−9.6 (− 28.9, 9.7)	− 6.2 (− 24.9, 12.6)	−5.8 (− 25.2, 13.6)
Q4	−8.8 (− 27.8, 10.2)	− 2.8 (− 21.5, 15.8)	2.7 (− 17.0, 22.4)
P for trend	0.635	0.850	0.534
Women	−12.4 (− 23.7, − 1.1)^**	−12.6 (− 24.0, − 1.3)^**	−18.2 (− 29.9, − 6.4)^***
LnBLL (Quartile)
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	15.3 (− 2.4, 33.0)	14.5 (− 3.0, 32.0)	13.7 (− 3.7, 31.1)
Q3	−2.6 (− 20.4, 15.2)	−3.3 (− 21.0, 14.3)	−9.0 (− 26.9, 8.9)
Q4	−6.8 (− 25.4, 11.9)	−7.0 (− 25.8, 11.7)	− 17.3 (− 36.6, 2.0)
P for trend	0.441	0.415	0.099

Unadjusted model: no covariates were adjusted
Minimally adjusted model: age, sex, and race were adjusted
Fully adjusted model: age, sex, race, education level, income to poverty ratio, smoking behavior, body mass index, moderate recreational activities, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum phosphorus, and serum calcium were adjusted
Abbreviation: BLL Blood lead levels
^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001

ISSN: 2049-3258