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Table 5 Association between LnBCL and lumbar bone mineral density (mg/cm2), stratified by sex and race

From: Blood lead and cadmium levels are negatively associated with bone mineral density in young female adults

 

Unadjusted model

β (95% CI)

Minimally adjusted model

β (95% CI)

Fully adjusted model

β (95% CI)

Men

 Non-Hispanic White

−6.5 (− 18.4, 5.5)

−6.2 (− 18.2, 5.9)

−4.2 (− 19.6, 11.1)

 Non-Hispanic Black

7.1 (−11.5, 25.7)

6.7 (−12.0, 25.4)

20.3 (− 5.4, 46.1)

 Mexican American

5.6 (−16.2, 27.5)

4.7 (− 17.2, 26.6)

− 3.1 (− 28.3, 22.1)

 Other race/ethnicity

4.3 (− 10.8, 19.4)

4.8 (− 10.3, 20.0)

13.0 (− 5.2, 31.2)

Women

 Non-Hispanic White

−23.5 (−35.8, − 11.2)***

−24.1 (− 36.5, − 11.7)***

−31.1 (− 46.2, − 16.1)***

 Non-Hispanic Black

2.1 (− 14.8, 18.9)

3.7 (− 13.6, 20.9)

−2.3 (− 24.2, 19.6)

 Mexican American

11.8 (−15.2, 38.7)

8.3 (−19.3, 35.9)

−1.4 (− 30.6, 27.7)

 Other race/ethnicity

12.4 (− 3.1, 27.9)

12.5 (− 3.0, 28.0)

5.6 (− 12.1, 23.2)

  1. Unadjusted model: no covariates were adjusted
  2. Minimally adjusted model: age were adjusted
  3. Fully adjusted model: age, education level, income to poverty ratio, smoking behavior, body mass index, moderate recreational activities, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum phosphorus, and serum calcium were adjusted
  4. Abbreviation: BCL Blood cadmium levels
  5. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001