Table 2 Summary of the 19 publications included in a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between HL and mortality from 2006 to 2020

Baker et al. 2008 [24]

USA

prospective cohort

Elderly

3260

1388 (42.6%)

815

S-TOFHLA

1166

HR: 1.25

95%CI: 0.86–1.82

age, sex, race, education, income, language, SF-36 physical functioning, mental health component scores, number of chronic diseases, number of impairments in activities of daily living, number of impairments in instrumental activities of daily living, city of enrollment

9

Bostock et al. 2012 [34]

UK

retrospective cohort

Elderly

7857

3515 (44.7%)

621

4-item test

2579

HR: 1.15

95%CI: 0.79–1.67

age, sex, race, education, wealth, occupation, health status (limiting illness, limited activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, self reported doctor diagnosed disease: heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, asthma, chronic lung disease), health behaviors (smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption), cognitive (orientation in time, immediate recall of word list, fluency in an animal naming task)

12

Cavanaugh et al. 2010 [25]

USA

prospective cohort

Hemodialysis

patients

480

269 (56.0%)

103

REALM

154

HR: 1.51

95%CI: 0.99–2.30

age, sex, race, diabetes status, baseline serum albumin.

11

Fabbri et al. 2018 [26]

USA

prospective cohort

HF

2487

1333 (53.6%)

250

BHLS

261

HR: 1.91

95%CI: 1.38–2.65

age, sex, education, marital status, CCI

12

Fawns-Ritchie et al. 2018 [27]

UK

prospective cohort

Elderly

795

336 (42.3%)

130

S-TOFHLA、NVS

REALM

General functional health literacy

38 ± 3.85 score

HR: 1.00

95%CI: 0.95–1.05

age, sex, education, age-11 IQ, current fluid ability in older age, occupational class, health status

10

Ferri-Guerra et al. 2020 [35]

USA

retrospective cohort

Veterans

470

470 (100%)

63

NVS

258

HR: 1.08

95%CI: 0.95–1.22

age, race, educational, median household income, CCI, hospitalizations in the previous year

12

León-González et al. 2018 [17]

Spain

prospective cohort

HF

556

210 (37.5%)

189

SAHLSA

370

HR: 1.05

95%CI: 0.65–1.68

age, sex, education, treatment group (intervention, no intervention), hospital, NYHA, LVEF, atrial fibrillation, serum hemoglobin, serum creatinine, depression, CCI, Katz index, Mini-Mental State Examination, hospitalization for HF in last year, HF knowledge score, HF self-care score.

11

Mayberry et al. 2018 [28]

USA

prospective cohort

CVD

2977

1602 (53.8%)

304

BHLS

S-TOFHLA、SNS-3

506

OR: 1.31

95%CI: 1.01–1.69

age, sex, race, socioeconomic status (employed, disabled, financial strain, income, underinsured)

9

McNaughton et al. 2015 [16]

USA

retrospective cohort

HF

1379

813 (59.0%)

403

BHLS

324

HR: 1.32

95%CI: 1.05–1.66

age, sex, race, education, insurance, index hospitalization length of stay, disease severity

10

Metin et al. 2019 [36]

Turkey

retrospective cohort

Palliative care patients

242

–

147

HLS-EU

195

HR: 1.44

95%CI: 0.90–2.32

age, height, weight, tracheostomy presence, triceps circumference, food intake status of the patients

10

Peterson et al. 2011 [37]

USA

retrospective cohort

HF

1494

699 (46.8%)

124

BHLS

262

HR: 1.04

95%CI: 0.79–1.37

age, sex, race, education, socioeconomic status, self-reported physical function, residential status (independent vs. nursing facility or hospice care), serum creatinine, LVEF, year of cohort entry

11

Smith et al. 2018 [38]

UK

retrospective cohort

Elderly

7731

3460 (44.8%)

1259

4-item test

959

HR: 1.22

95%CI: 1.03–1.46

age, sex, race, education, occupational class, wealth quintile, health status (limiting illness, functional impairment, depressive, self-reported doctor-diagnosed disease: heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, asthma, chronic lung disease), health behaviors (smoke, exercise,alcohol consumption), cognitive (time orientation, recall of word list, fluency on an animal naming task), social isolation

10

Stewart et al. 2020 [29]

USA

prospective cohort

Elderly

931

158 (17.0%)

224

9-item instrument

65.8% correct

HR: 1.01

95%CI: 1.00–1.02

age, sex, education, income, lower total, health, financial literacy, medical conditions, physical activity, depressive symptoms, cognitive

11

Sudore et al. 2006 [30]

USA

prospective cohort

Elderly

2512

1225 (48.8%)

320

REALM

595

HR: 1.75

95%CI: 1.27–2.41

age, sex, race, education, income, health status (self-rated health, cardiac disease, stoke, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, obesity), health behaviors (smoke, alcohol consumption), health care access measures, psychosocial status

9

Taylor et al. 2019 [31]

UK

prospective cohort

CKD

2274

1474 (64.8%)

338

BHLS

364

HR: 1.05

95%CI: 0.73–1.49

age, sex, race, education, language, primary renal diagnosis, CCI, car ownership

9

Warsame et al. 2019 [32]

USA

prospective cohort

KT

1578

1205 (76.4%)

54

BHLS

140

HR: 2.42

95%CI: 1.16–5.05

age, sex, race, cause of end-stage renal disease, blood type

9

Wolf et al. 2010 [39]

USA

retrospective cohort

Elderly

2956

–

417

S-TOFHLA

643

HR: 1.95

95%CI: 1.37–2.77

age, sex, race, education, income, occupational class, number of chronic conditions, physical functioning, activity limitations, mental health

12

Wu et al. 2013 [33]

USA

prospective cohort

HF

595

309 (51.9%)

16

S-TOFHLA

220

RR: 1.31

95%CI: 1.06–1.63

age, sex, race, education,income, site, insurance, systolic blood pressure, systolic dysfunction, NYHA, diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, history of CVD (MI or angina), beta-blocker use, HF symptoms, HF general knowledge, salt knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors HF

12

Wu et al. 2016 [40]

USA

retrospective cohort

HF

575

341 (59.3%)

63

S-TOFHLA

206

HR: 1.80

95%CI: 1.29–2.50

age, sex, race, income, marital status, employed, LVEF, NYHA, BNP, ACEI user, beta-blocker user, intervention group

10