Socio-economic inequalities in the chronic diseases management among Chinese adults aged 45 years and above: a cross sectional study

Table 2 The measurement of social participation and perceived helpfulness among Chinese adults aged 45 years and above by urban-rural setting ^a

Variable	Rural		Urban		Total
	n	%	n	%	n^b	%^b
Social participation
Respondent who reported taking the following activities last month
Any of the 8 following activities	5477	49.1	4520	55.5	9997	51.8
(1) Interacted with friends	4196	37.6	2923	35.9	7119	36.9
(2) Played Ma-jiang, chess and cards or went to community club	1951	17.5	1902	23.6	3853	20.0
(3) Provided help to family, friends, or neighbors who did not live with you and who did not pay you for help	1087	9.7	837	10.3	1924	10.0
(4) A sport, social, or other kind of club	220	2.0	1246	15.3	1466	7.6
(5) A community-related organization	112	1.0	280	3.4	392	2.0
(6) Done voluntary or charity work	58	0.5	133	1.6	191	1.0
(7) Cared for a sick or disabled adult who did not live with you and who did not pay you for help	133	1.2	150	1.8	283	1.5
(8) An educational or training course	31	0.3	90	1.1	121	0.6
Perceived helpfulness
Yes	7834	70.3	5499	67.5	13,333	69.1
No	3314	29.7	2643	32.5	5958	30.9

^a There were 6.7 and 4.5% subjects missing in measuring the constructs of social participation and perceived helpfulness, respectively. After dropping subjects with missing data, 19,291 subjects were included in this analysis. Among them, total number of rural and urban subjects was 11,149 and 8142, respectively
^b The number (n) in the column of “Total” means the total number of respondents with the “yes” response to corresponding question, while the percentage (%) in the column of “Total” means the proportion of them to the total sample size

ISSN: 2049-3258