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Table 2 The risk of experiencing wheezing among children based on the incidence of maternal asthma, other morbidities, and maternal health behaviours during pregnancy

From: Are wheezing, asthma and eczema in children associated with mother’s health during pregnancy? Evidence from an Australian birth cohort

Maternal health, risk factors, and medications during pregnancy

Age 0–1

Age 2–3

Age 4–5

Age 6–7

Age 8–9

Age 10–11

Age 12–13

Age 14–15

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

N = 4977

N = 4485

N = 4264

N = 4088

N = 3922

N = 3574

N = 3097

N = 2960

Had asthma

No (ref.)

  Yes

1.49 (1.13–1.97)*

1.83 (1.4–2.4)**

1.47 (1.08–1.99)Ϯ

1.8 (1.3–2.49)**

1.91 (1.34–2.71)**

2.47 (1.69–3.61)**

1.69 (1.02–2.78)Ϯ

1.27 (0.72–2.24)

Gestational age at birth

On time (37–41 weeks, ref.)

  Early (36 weeks or less)

1.37 (0.98–1.92)

1.54 (1.09–2.18)Ϯ

1.35 (0.91–2.01)

1.48 (0.97–2.26)

1.09 (0.66–1.78)

0.78 (0.38–1.57)

0.5 (0.21–1.19)

1.08 (0.49–2.39)

  Late (42 weeks or more)

0.63 (0.41–0.98)Ϯ

1.00 (0.69–1.45)

1.53 (1.02–2.30)Ϯ

1.04 (0.67–1.63)

1.03 (0.63–1.70)

1.19 (0.67–2.1)

1.25 (0.66–2.38)

1.03 (0.50–2.1)

Pre-pregnancy obesity

Healthy weight (ref.)

  Underweight

0.68 (0.48–0.96)Ϯ

0.89 (0.66–1.18)

0.87 (0.62–1.22)

0.77 (0.54–1.09)

0.85 (0.56–1.29)

0.91 (0.56–1.49)

1.21 (0.7–2.09)

0.60 (0.29–1.24)

  Overweight

1.19 (0.94–1.51)

1.42 (1.15–1.74)**

1.12 (0.89–1.42)

1.02 (0.79–1.31)

1.22 (0.92–1.64)

1.1 (0.77–1.56)

1.47 (0.97–2.25)

1.28 (0.82–2.00)

  Obesity

1.19 (0.91–1.56)

1.39 (1.1–1.75)*

1.31 (1.01–1.70)Ϯ

1.22 (0.93–1.61)

1.27 (0.92–1.75)

1.57 (1.1–2.23)Ϯ

1.41 (0.89–2.24)

1.27 (0.79–2.06)

  Not known

1.50 (1.20–1.89)**

1.54 (1.23–1.93)**

1.36 (1.05–1.76)Ϯ

1.39 (1.06–1.82)Ϯ

1.21 (0.89–1.65)

1.39 (0.96–2)

1.82 (1.18–2.83)*

1.87 (1.17–2.99)*

Smoking during 1st trimester

None (ref.)

   < =10 cigarettes daily

1.57 (1.17–2.1)*

1.52 (1.15–2.00)*

1.36 (0.99–1.86)

1.61 (1.16–2.25)*

1.36 (0.91–2.03)

1.03 (0.63–1.68)

1.3 (0.74–2.29)

1.18 (0.62–2.24)

  11+ cigarettes daily

1.38 (0.95–2.00)

1.75 (1.21–2.52)*

1.8 (1.20–2.71)*

1.97 (1.28–3.01)*

1.54 (0.94–2.53)

1.56 (0.89–2.76)

1.11 (0.53–2.32)

2.61 (1.26–5.4)*

Antibiotic medication

No (ref.)

  Yes

1.27 (0.99–1.62)

1.39 (1.1–1.77)*

1.48 (1.13–1.94)*

1.16 (0.87–1.55)

1.06 (0.76–1.47)

1.29 (0.88–1.88)

1.01 (0.61–1.67)

0.96 (0.54–1.71)

Anti-depressant medication

No (ref.)

  Yes

1.29 (0.76–2.17)

1.92 (1.18–3.11)*

1.07 (0.60–1.93)

1.18 (0.65–2.11)

0.69 (0.31–1.53)

1.56 (0.76–3.2)

1.58 (0.62–4.01)

0.91 (0.27–3.03)

  1. Notes: Ϯ p < 0.05 & > 0.01, * p < 0.01 & > 0.001, ** p < 0.001, the regression models were adjusted for several covariates outlined in ‘Control variables’ sub-section of ‘Methods’ section