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Table 2 Simulation analyses of the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and health condition in St. Louis, MO (3000 individuals across 300 census tracts)*

From: Interpreting a standardized and normalized measure of neighborhood socioeconomic status for a better understanding of health differences

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Fixed Effects

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Neighborhood-level Covariates

 SEP

(standardized)

1.32 (1.17, 1.48)

 

 MHI−1

(standardized)

 

1.35 (1.14, 1.60)

 

 SEP

(normalized)

 

3.26 (1.93, 5.50)

 

 MHI−1

(normalized)

 

3.70 (1.78, 7.70)

Individual-level Covariates

 Trait 1

 

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

 Trait 2

Group 1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Group 2

1.22 (1.02, 1.45)

1.22 (1.03, 1.46)

1.22 (1.02, 1.45)

1.22 (1.03, 1.46)

 Trait 3

Group 1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Group 2

1.20 (0.94, 1.52)

1.21 (0.95, 1.54)

1.20 (0.94, 1.52)

1.21 (0.95, 1.54)

Group 3

1.24 (0.97, 1.57)

1.27 (1.00, 1.61)

1.24 (0.97, 1.57)

1.27 (1.00, 1.61)

Group 4

1.43 (1.03, 1.98)

1.49 (1.07, 2.05)

1.43 (1.03, 1.98)

1.49 (1.07, 2.05)

 Trait 4

Group 1

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Group 2

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

1.10 (0.80, 1.52)

Group 3

1.24 (0.91, 1.71)

1.25 (0.91, 1.72)

1.24 (0.91, 1.71)

1.25 (0.91, 1.72)

Group 4

1.19 (0.86, 1.64)

1.24 (0.90, 1.70)

1.19 (0.86, 1.64)

1.24 (0.90, 1.70)

Group 5

1.38 (0.95, 2.02)

1.47 (1.01, 2.14)

1.38 (0.95, 2.02)

1.47 (1.01, 2.14)

Random Effects

Variance (SE)

Variance (SE)

Variance (SE)

Variance (SE)

 Census Tract

0.257 (0.507)

0.276 (0.525)

0.257 (0.507)

0.276 (0.525)

Goodness-of-Fit Measures

 Akaike information criterion

3527.677

3534.992

3527.677

3534.992

 Bayesian information criterion

3599.753

3607.069

3599.753

3607.069

 Log-Likelihood

− 1751.838

− 1755.496

−1751.838

−1755.496

 Deviance

3503.677

3510.992

3503.677

3510.992

  1. *When analyzing the actual health data, multilevel models must adjust for (account for) individual-level socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, income level, marital status, and/or occupational category)
  2. Ref. reference group
  3. SE standard error
  4. OR odds ratio
  5. CI confidence interval
  6. SEP a composite measure of socioeconomic position [34]
  7. MHI− 1 median household income divided by − 1 [35]