Decomposition of factors associated with housing material inequality in under-five deaths in low and middle-income countries

Morakinyo, Oyewale Mayowa; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Adebowale, Ayo Stephen

doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00768-0

Archives of Public Health

Table 2 Summary of pooled background characteristics of the studied children and prevalence of under-five deaths in LMIC by the quality of housing material, 2010–2018

From: Decomposition of factors associated with housing material inequality in under-five deaths in low and middle-income countries

Characteristics	sample	%	UHM (%)	Under-5 Deaths per 1000 livebirth
Characteristics	sample	%	UHM (%)	Overall	UHM	IHM
Maternal Current Age
15–24	233,276	29.2	59.7	54	62	43
25–34	413,113	51.7	56.2	48	57	37
35–49	152,407	19.1	64.5	62	69	49
Maternal Highest Education		0.0
No Education	283,668	35.5	75.8	70	73	59
Primary	207,148	25.9	70.1	55	57	50
Secondary+	307,980	38.6	36.4	36	43	32
Media		0.0
No	332,556	41.7	78.2	66	68	59
Yes	465,573	58.3	45.8	44	53	36
Maternal Employment		0.0
Employed	306,061	54.0	67.5	63	68	51
Unemployed	260,867	46.0	61.3	46	53	35
Paternal Employment		0.0
Employed	512,803	95.7	64.9	56	63	43
Unemployed	22,993	4.3	65.1	48	53	40
Marital status		0.0
Never married	25,286	3.2	55.7	54	57	49
Currently married	738,686	92.5	58.6	52	61	40
Formerly	34,822	4.4	65.2	66	70	58
Sex of household head		0.0
Male	670,970	84.0	58.9	53	61	41
Female	127,826	16.0	58.1	52	58	42
Wealth index combined		0.0
Poorest	206,972	25.9	89.8	64	65	49
Poorer	180,011	22.5	74	59	63	49
Middle	158,224	19.8	54.6	52	58	45
Richer	138,947	17.4	38.2	46	55	41
Richest	114,642	14.4	21.6	36	46	33
Covered by health insurance		0.0
No	635,801	87.8	60.4	56	64	44
Yes	88,596	12.2	41.3	34	41	29
Child is twin		0.0
Single birth	777,993	97.4	58.8	49	56	38
Multiple	20,803	2.6	60.7	203	233	158
Sex of child		0.0
Female	389,073	48.7	59.2	49	56	38
Male	409,723	51.3	58.5	56	65	44
Weight at birth		0.0
Average+	633,173	84.0	57.7	45	54	34
Small	87,302	11.6	62.4	68	76	53
Very small	33,169	4.4	66.8	116	113	123
Birth order
1	219,586	27.5	49.9	50	62	38
2	189,166	23.7	51.5	42	50	33
3	129,778	16.2	59.2	48	53	40
4+	260,266	32.6	72.2	66	70	58
Birth interval
1st Birth	219,591	27.6	49.9	50	62	38
< 36 months	316,485	39.7	65.4	65	73	49
36+ months	260,722	32.7	58.8	39	42	34
Drinking water
Unimproved sources	186,576	23.4	80.8	67	70	54
Improved source	612,220	76.6	52.8	49	57	40
Toilet type
Unimproved sources	410,192	51.4	77.1	63	66	54
Improved source	388,378	48.6	40.2	42	51	36
Cooking fuel
Unclean/biomass	617,796	77.4	70.4	60	64	52
Clean fuel	180,324	22.6	24.6	30	36	28
Place Of Residence
Urban	235,866	29.5	32.5	42	52	37
Rural	562,930	70.5	70.9	58	63	46
Community SES Disadvantage
Least	160,002	20.1	27.7	34	43	30
2	159,515	20.0	43.6	47	53	42
3	159,642	20.0	71.1	57	61	48
4	159,251	20.0	74.5	63	67	49
Highest	158,401	19.9	78.8	63	67	53
Total	796,672	100.0	58.8	53	61	41

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ISSN: 2049-3258

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