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Table 1 Cause of death by demographic characteristics of mothers and newborns

From: Causes and age of neonatal death and associations with maternal and newborn care characteristics in Nepal: a verbal autopsy study

Characteristic

All

Neonatal sepsis

Birth asphyxia

Prematurity related

LBW related

Others

p-value

Sex

 Female

147 (43.5)*

63 (39.6)

23 (41.1)

22 (48.9)

9 (52.9)

30 (49.2)

 

 Male

191 (56.5)

96 (60.4)

33 (58.9)

23 (51.1)

8 (47.1)

31 (50.8)

0.548

Maternal age (years)

  < 20

75 (22.2)

28 (17.6)

16 (28.6)

11 (24.4)

4 (23.5)

16 (26.2)

 

 20–24

133 (39.3)

64 (40.3)

21 (37.5)

23 (51.1)

8 (47.1)

17 (27.9)

 

 25–34

111 (32.8)

58 (36.5)

17 (30.4)

9 (20.0)

5 (29.4)

22 (36.1)

 

 ≥ 35

19 (5.6)

9 (5.7)

2 (3.6)

2 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (9.8)

0.318

Education

 Never attended

91 (35.3)

48 (38.7)

15 (37.5)

12 (35.3)

5 (38.5)

11 (23.4)

 

 Attended some school

167 (64.7)

76 (61.3)

25 (62.5)

22 (64.7)

8 (61.5)

36 (76.6)

0.450

Literacy

 Not able to read

97 (37.6)

50 (40.3)

15 (37.5)

12 (35.3)

9 (69.2)

11 (23.4)

 

 Able to read part of a sentence

48 (18.6)

24 (19.4)

4 (10.0)

6 (17.6)

1 (7.7)

13 (27.7)

 

 Able to read whole sentence

113 (43.8)

50 (40.3)

21 (52.5)

16 (47.1)

3 (23.1)

23 (48.9)

0.096

Gravidity

 0

157 (46.7)

66 (41.8)

36 (64.3)

16 (35.6)

7 (43.8)

32 (52.5)

 

 1–2

132 (39.3)

69 (43.7)

12 (21.4)

25 (55.6)

7 (43.8)

19 (31.1)

 

  ≥ 3

47 (14.0)

23 (14.6)

8 (14.3)

4 (8.9)

2 (12.5)

10 (16.4)

0.032

Smoking

 No smoking

294 (87.0)

135 (84.9)

52 (92.9)

40 (88.9)

15 (88.2)

52 (85.2)

 

 Smoking

44 (13.0)

24 (15.1)

4 (7.1)

5 (11.1)

2 (11.8)

9 (14.8)

0.619

Alcohol

 No alcohol

280 (82.8)

132 (83.0)

47 (83.9)

37 (82.2)

15 (88.2)

49 (80.3)

 

 Alcohol

58 (17.2)

27 (17.0)

9 (16.1)

8 (17.8)

2 (11.8)

12 (19.7)

0.954

  1. * Data presented as number (percent)
  2. P-values from chi-squared tests between each characteristic and causes of death
  3. Variable missingness was as follows: education (n = 80/338, 23.7%), literacy (n = 80/338, 23.7%), and gravidity (n = 2/338, 0.6%). Maternal education and literacy data were only available for infant deaths for which the respondent of the neonatal verbal autopsy survey was the mother (n = 258/338, 76.3%). Two participants responded “don’t know” to the question about gravidity