Table 5 Bivariable logistic regression analysis of adverse birth outcome among women gave birth at public hospitals of Wollega Zones, west Ethiopia, 2020 (n = 495; Cases: 165 and controls: 330)

 Oromo

286 (86.67)

141 (85.45)

1

 Amhara

35 (10.6)

21 (12.73)

1.21 (0.68,2.17)

0.5

 Gurage

9 (2.73)

3 (1.82)

0.67 (0.18,2.54)

0.56

 Protestant

160 (48.48)

86 (52.12)

1

 Orthodox

86 (26.06)

39 (23.64)

0.84 (0.53,1.34)

0.47

 Catholic

13 (3.94)

8 (4.85)

1.14 (0.457,2.87)

0.77

 Muslim

62 (18.78)

29 (17.58)

0.87 (0.52,1.45)

0.6

 Others

9 (2.73)

3 (1.82)

0.62 (0.16,2.35)

0.48

 Married

311 (94.24)

153 (92.73)

1

 Single

6 (1.82)

3 (1.82)

1.02 (0.25,4.12)

0.98

 Divorced

9 (2.73)

6 (3.64)

1.35 (0.47,3.87)

0.57

 Widowed

4 (1.21)

3 (1.82)

1.52 (0.34,6.89)

0.58

 Unable to read and write

72 (21.8)

40 (24.24)

1.28 (0.76,2.14)

0.35

 Completed grade 1–8

84 (25.5)

42 (25.45)

1.15 (0.69,1.9)

0.59

 Completed grade 9–12

66 (20)

36 (21.82)

1.25 (0.74,2.13)

0.4

 Diploma and above

108 (32.7)

47 (28.48)

1

 Rural

212 (64.24)

104 (63.03)

1

 Urban

118 (35.76)

61 (36.97)

1.05 (0.7,1.55)

0.79

 15–24 years

89 (26.97)

43 (26.06)

1.08 (0.6,1.9)

0.78

 25-34 years

176 (53.33)

93 (56.36)

1.18 (0.71,1.96)

0.5

 35–44 years

65 (19.7)

29 (17.58)

1

 < 18 years

110 (33.33)

51 (30.91)

1.6 (0.71,3.6)

0.26

 18–23 years

189 (57.27)

105 (63.64)

1.9 (0.88,4.17)

0.1*

 > 23 years

31 (9.39)

9 (5.45)

1

 < 1000 birr

67 (20.3)

40 (24.24)

1.54 (0.86,2.76)

0.14*

 1000–2000 birr

54 (16.36)

31 (18.79)

1.48 (0.8,2.75)

0.21*

 2001–3000 birr

75 (22.73)

37 (22.42)

1.27 (0.7,2.28)

0.41

 3001–4000 birr

59 (17.88)

28 (16.97)

1.23 (0.66,2.28)

0.52

 > 4000 birr

75 (22.73)

29 (17.58)

1

 1–3

98 (29.7)

37 (22.42)

1

 4–6

197 (59.7)

107 (64.85)

1.44 (0.92,2.25)

0.11*

 > 6

35 (10.7)

21 (12.73)

1.59 (0.82,3.07)

0.17*

 < 3

217 (65.76)

106 (64.24)

1

 3–5

81 (24.55)

47 (28.48)

1.18 (0.77,1.82)

0.43

 > 5

32 (9.70)

12 (7.27)

0.77 (0.38,1.55)

0.46

 1st pregnancy

79 (23.94)

49 (29.70)

1.39 (0.86,2.24)

0.18*

 < 12 months

16 (4.85)

10 (6.06)

1.4 (0.6,3.28)

0.44

 12–17 months

26 (7.88)

10 (6.06)

0.86 (0.39,1.9)

0.71

 18–23 months

88 (26.67)

42 (25.45)

1.07 (0.657,1.74)

0.78

 > 23 months

121 (36.67)

54 (32.73)

1

 Yes

247 (74.85)

118 (71.52)

1

 No

83 (25.15)

47 (28.48)

1.18 (0.78,1.8)

0.427

 Yes

260 (78.79)

125 (75.76)

1

 No

70 (21.21)

40 (24.24)

1.19 (0.76,1.85)

0.44

 One time

16 (4.85)

33 (20)

6.25 (3.22,12.16)

< 0.001*

 Two times

46 (13.94)

33 (20)

2.17 (1.27,3.71)

0.004*

 Three times

86 (26.06)

39 (23.6)

1.37 (0.85,2.22)

0.19*

 > =4 times

182 (55.15)

60 (36.4)

1

 Yes

63 (19.1)

42 (25.45)

1.45 (0.93,2.26)

0.1*

 No

267 (80.9)

123 (74.55)

1

 Spontaneous vaginal delivery

196 (59.39)

88 (53.33)

1

 Forceps

18 (5.45)

10 (6.06)

1.24 (0.55,2.79)

0.61

 Cesarean section

66 (20)

43 (26.06)

1.45 (0.92,2.29)

0.11*

 Vacuum delivery

45 (13.64)

20 (12.12)

0.99 (0.55,1.77)

0.97

 Destructive delivery

5 (1.52)

4 (2.42)

1.78 (0.47,6.79)

0.39

 Yes

59 (17.88)

34 (20.6)

1.19 (0.745,1.91)

0.46

 No

271 (82.12)

131 (79.4)

1

 Yes

50 (15.15)

59 (35.76)

3.12 (2.01,4.83)

< 0.001*

 No

280 (84.85)

106 (64.24)

1

 Spontaneously

269 (81.52)

125 (75.76)

1

 Induced

61 (18.48)

40 (24.24)

1.41 (0.9,2.21)

0.135*

 Yes

21 (6.36)

10 (6.06)

0.95 (0.44,2.07)

0.9

 No

309 (93.64)

155 (93.94)

1

 Yes

42 (12.73)

41 (24.85)

2.27 (1.4,3.66)

0.001*

 No

288 (87.27)

124 (75.15)

1

 Yes

8 (2.42)

5 (3.03)

1.26 (0.405,3.91)

0.69

 No

322 (97.58)

160 (96.97)

1

 Positive

9 (2.73)

4 (2.42)

1

 Negative

311 (94.24)

154 (93.33)

1.1 (0.34,3.67)

0.86

 Unknown

10 (3.03)

7 (4.24)

1.57 (0.34,7.22)

0.56

 Yes

39 (11.82)

45 (27.27)

2.8 (1.73,4.5)

< 0.001*

 No

291 (88.18)

120 (72.73)

1

 Yes

13 (3.94)

11 (6.67)

1.74 (0.76,3.97)

0.18*

 No

317 (96.06)

154 (93.33)

1

 Yes

41 (12.42)

12 (7.27)

0.55 (0.28,1.08)

0.08*

 No

289 (87.58)

154 (93.3)

1

 < 18 kg/m2

35 (10.6)

17 (10.3)

0.97 (0.52,1.81)

0.93

 18–24 kg/m2

258 (78.18)

122 (73.94)

1.45 (0.67,3.1)

0.34

 > 24 kg/m2

37 (11.21)

26 (15.75)

1

 Yes

49 (14.85)

57 (34.55)

3.03 (1.95,4.7)

< 0.001*

 No

281 (85.15)

108 (65.45)

1

 > =150 cm

138 (41.82)

54 (32.73)

1

 < 150 cm

192 (58.18)

111 (67.27)

1.47 (0.99,2.18)

0.051*

 Yes

216 (65.45)

92 (55.76)

1

 No

114 (34.55)

73 (44.24)

1.5 (1.03,2.2)

0.036*

 < 23 cm

97 (29.4)

49 (29.7)

1.01 (0.67,1.53)

0.94

 = > 23 cm

233 (70.6)

116 (70.3)

1

 Yes

236 (71.52)

78 (47.27)

1

 No

94 (28.48)

87 (52.73)

2.8 (1.9,4.13)

< 0.001*

 1st Trimester

125 (37.88)

46 (27.88)

1

 2nd trimester

167 (50.6)

90 (54.55)

1.46 (0.96,2.24)

0.078*

 3rd Trimester

38 (11.51)

29 (17.57)

2.07 (1.15,3.74)

0.015*

 Multiple

9 (2.73)

2 (1.21)

1

 Singleton

321 (97.27)

163 (98.79)

2.28 (0.48,10.7)

0.29

 < 8 h

111 (33.64)

59 (35.76)

1

 8-15 h

143 (43.33)

65 (39.4)

0.85 (0.56,1.32)

0.47

 16-22 h

61 (18.48)

34 (20.6)

1.05 (0.62,1.77)

0.86

 > 22 h

15 (4.55)

7 (4.24)

0.87 (0.34,2.27)

0.79

 < 1 h

217 (65.75)

102 (61.82)

0.72 (0.42,1.23)

0.23*

 1-2 h

70 (21.21)

35 (21.21)

0.77 (0.41,1.43)

0.41

 > 2 h

43 (13.03)

28 (16.97)

1

 Yes

49 (14.85)

37 (22.42)

1.66 (1.03,2.67)

0.037*

 No

281 (85.15)

128 (77.58)

1

 Yes

23 (6.97)

21 (12.73)

1.95 (1.04,3.63)

0.036*

 No

307 (93.03)

144 (87.27)

1

 Yes

17 (5.15)

6 (3.64)

0.69 (0.27,1.79)

0.45

 No

313 (94.85)

159 (96.36)

1

 Yes

76 (23.03)

52 (31.52)

1.54 (1.01,2.33)

0.043*

 No

254 (76.97)

113 (68.48)

1