Table 1 Characteristics of the participants at baseline and at follow-up by age groups: Population-based retrospective study of Japan from 2008 to 2017 in Japan

age (years)

56.8 ± 7.0

66.8 ± 7.0

Height (cm)

all

230

167.4 ± 6.1

166.6–168.1

166.4 ± 6.3

165.6–167.2

.078

40 years

43

169.3 ± 5.0

167.7–170.8

168.5 ± 5.0

166.9–170.0

.460

50 years

86

168.4 ± 6.3

167.0–169.7

167.4 ± 6.3

166.0–168.7

.309

60 years

101

165.7 ± 6.1

164.5–166.9

164.7 ± 6.4

163.3–165.8

.190

BW (kg)

all

230

65.8 ± 10.2

64.5–67.2

64.9 ± 10.3

63.6–66.2

.003

40 years

43

69.4 ± 13.5

65.2–73.5

68.8 ± 13.0

64.8–72.4

.544

50 years

86

67.4 ± 8.2

65.6–69.1

66.2 ± 9.0

64.3–68.2

.010

60 years

101

63.0 ± 9.4

61.1–64.9

62.1 ± 9.3

60.3–64.0

.042

WC (cm)

all

230

84.6 ± 8.5

83.5–85.7

84.4 ± 9.3

83.2–85.7

.657

40 years

43

85.2 ± 10.8

81.9–88.5

86.0 ± 12.3

82.2–89.8

.509

50 years

86

85.6 ± 7.0

84.2–87.2

84.7 ± 8.4

84.2–87.2

.096

60 years

101

83.4 ± 8.5

81.7—85.0

83.5 ± 8.5

81.2–85.0

.816

SBP (mmHg)

all

230

124.1 ± 17.5

121.8–126.4

130.4 ± 18.6

128.0–132.8

.000

40 years

43

120.8 ± 13.1

116.7–124.8

127.6 ± 16.1

122.7–132.6

.014

50 years

86

127.7 ± 20.2

123.4–132.0

127.6 ± 16.2

127.2–135.8

.051

60 years

101

122.5 ± 16.3

119.3–125.8

130.6 ± 18.5

127.0–134.3

 < .001

DBP (mmHg)

all

230

76.4 ± 10.6

75.0–77.8

78.0 ± 11.2

76.6–79.4

.053

40 years

43

73.8 ± 10.4

70.6–77.0

79.0 ± 11.1

75.6–82.5

.017

50 years

86

78.9 ± 11.1

76.5–81.3

80.1 ± 12.5

77.4–82.8

.402

60 years

101

75.4 ± 9.9

73.4–77.3

75.7 ± 9.7

73.8–77.6

.743

TG (mg/dl)

all

230

126.8 ± 70.4

117.7–136.0

124.1 ± 86.5

112.9–135.3

.590

40 years

43

147.8 ± 100.9

116.7–179.0

144.9 ± 112.3

110.4–179.5

.825

50 years

86

129.9 ± 60.7

116.9–143.0

121.2 ± 67.7

106.6–135.7

.165

60 years

101

115.2 ± 60.0

103.4–127.1

117.7 ± 87.7

100.4–135.0

.771

HDL (mg/dl)

all

230

59.8 ± 16.4

57.6–61.9

61.3 ± 16.4

59.2–63.5

.038

40 years

43

56.8 ± 13.4

52.7–60.9

60.6 ± 16.9

55.4–65.7

.046

50 years

86

60.9 ± 17.3

57.2–64.6

61.8 ± 16.5

58.3–65.4

.476

60 years

101

60.8 ± 16.8

56.7–63.4

61.2 ± 16.5

58.0–64.5

.262

LDL (mg/dl)

all

230

130.0 ± 30.2

126.1–133.9

129.2 ± 31.0

125.1–133.2

.647

40 years

43

131.9 ± 29.7

122.8–141.1

130.2 ± 29.2

121.3–139.2

.700

50 years

86

134.8 ± 30.1

128.4–141.3

131.4 ± 32.7

124.4–138.4

.223

60 years

101

125.0 ± 29.9

119.1–130.9

126.9 ± 30.4

120.8–132.9

.473

Smoking status (Yes)

232

78 (33.9%)

55 (23.9%)

 < .001

Drinking alcohol (Yes)

227

92 (40.4%)

88 (38.4%)

.595

Regular exercise (Yes)

229

79 (34.3%)

95 (41.5%)

.047

Skipping breakfast (Yes)

228

41 (17.9%)

28 (12.2%)

.043

variables

Women n = 515(69.1%)

n

2008 year

95% CI

2017 year

95% CI

p

age (years)

58.3 ± 6.3

68.3 ± 6.3

Height (cm)

all

515

154.4 ± 5.5

153.9–154.9

153.3 ± 5.8

152.8–153.8

.002

40 years

65

158.7 ± 4.9

156.5–158.9

157.4 ± 5.2

156.1–158.7

.618

50 years

171

155.3 ± 5.8

154.4–156.2

154.2 ± 6.1

153.1–155.1

.098

60 years

279

153.1 ± 5.0

152.5–153.7

151.8 ± 5.1

151.2–152.4

.003

BW(kg)

all

515

51.5 ± 8.5

50.9–52.1

50.7 ± 7.6

50.0–51.4

 < .001

40 years

65

53.7 ± 7.2

51.9–55.4

53.2 ± 8.3

51.2–55.3

.464

50 years

171

52.2 ± 7.7

51.0–53.4

51.4 ± 7.9

50.2–52.6

.007

60 years

279

50.6 ± 6.7

49.8–51.4

49.7 ± 7.2

48.9–50.6

 < .001

WC (cm)

all

515

79.1 ± 8.5

78.4–79.8

79.9 ± 8.9

79.1–80.7

.007

40 years

65

77.2 ± 8.2

75.2–79.2

78.9 ± 9.5

76.5–81.2

.066

50 years

171

78.2 ± 9.0

76.8–79.6

79.3 ± 8.8

78.0–80.6

.040

60 years

279

80.1 ± 8.2

79.1–81.1

80.5 ± 8.8

79.5–81.6

.287

SBP (mmHg)

all

515

119.8 ± 16.6

118.4–121.3

124.6 ± 18.6

123.0–126.3

 < .001

40 years

65

115.9 ± 12.4

112.8–119.0

117.1 ± 18.9

112.4–121.8

.532

50 years

171

117.7 ± 15.6

115.4–120.1

123.1 ± 16.0

120.6–125.5

 < .001

60 years

279

122.0 ± 17.8

120.0–124.1

127.4 ± 19.5

125.1–129.7

 < .001

DBP (mmHg)

all

515

71.8 ± 10.0

70.9–72.7

72.3 ± 10.6

71.3–73.2

.355

40 years

65

70.8 ± 10.0

68.3–73.3

71.7 ± 13.5

68.3–75.0

.558

50 years

171

71.6 ± 9.6

70.2–73.1

72.6 ± 10.4

71.0–75.0

.208

60 years

279

72.2 ± 10.2

70.9–73.4

72.2 ± 10.0

71.0–73.4

.970

TG (mg/dl)

all

515

98.8 ± 48.5

94.6–103.0

96.1 ± 46.2

92.1–100.1

.175

40 years

65

80.5 ± 39.4

70.7–90.2

86.1 ± 45.5

74.8–97.3

.375

50 years

171

101.5 ± 49.5

94.0–109.0

97.3 ± 45.4

90.5–104.2

.206

60 years

279

101.4 ± 49.1

95.6–107.1

97.9 ± 46.7

92.2–103.2

.167

HDL (mg/dl)

all

515

73.1 ± 18.3

71.5–74.7

73.1 ± 17.1

71.7–74.6

.038

40 years

65

71.6 ± 18.3

67.0–76.1

75.3 ± 18.9

70.6–79.9

.038

50 years

171

73.8 ± 19.6

70.8–76.7

62.9 ± 18.0

70.2–75.6

.381

60 years

279

73.1 ± 17.4

71.1–75.2

72.8 ± 16.2

70.9–74.7

.624

LDL (mg/dl)

all

515

134.3 ± 29.2

131.8–136.8

135.9 ± 28.5

133.4–138.4

.647

40 years

65

112.7 ± 26.4

106.1–119.2

128.8 ± 31.7

121.0–136.7

 < .001

50 years

171

136.3 ± 27.8

132.1–140.5

138.6 ± 27.3

134.5–142.7

.236

60 years

279

138.1 ± 28.6

134.8–141.5

135.9 ± 28.2

132.6–139.2

.138

Smoking status (Yes)

515

45 (8.7%)

29 (5.7%)

.001

Drinking alcohol (Yes)

507

61 (11.9%)

50 (9.8%)

.165

Regular exercise (Yes)

507

175 (34.1%)

221 (43.4%)

 < .001

Skipping breakfast (Yes)

506

56 (10.9%)

40 (7.9%)

.093