Table 2 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of participant (RaNCD cohort data, N = 9811)

Age (year)

45.93 ± 7.88

50.44 ± 7.43

52.83 ± 7.72

54.22 ± 6.85

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

27.17 ± 4.60

28.88 ± 4.35

28.48 ± 4.68

29.04 ± 4.45

< 0.001

WHR

0.94 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.06

0.97 ± 0.06

< 0.001

WC (cm)

96.45 ± 10.40

100.58 ± 9.80

99.74 ± 10.67

101.54 ± 9.84

< 0.001

BFM (kg)

24.38 ± 9.47

27.82 ± 9.25

27.20 ± 9.57

28.42 ± 9.25

< 0.001

VFA (cm²)

117.93 ± 51.02

137.82 ± 49.26

135.55 ± 51.18

143.18 ± 49.65

< 0.001

DII

−2.32 ± 1.60

−2.23 ± 1.59

− 2.45 ± 1.60

−2.25 ± 1.60

0.011

TG (mg/dl)

131.03 ± 74.52

184.70 ± 128.79

147.56 ± 89.35

170.32 ± 98.01

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dl)

46.60 ± 11.35

43.78 ± 11.25

46.16 ± 11.08

44.30 ± 10.69

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dl)

101.31 ± 25.05

104.71 ± 27.73

104.68 ± 25.42

102.33 ± 29.04

< 0.001

T-C (mg/dl)

183.96 ± 36.96

191.74 ± 43.68

189.64 ± 38.15

187.44 ± 44.18

< 0.001

Energy intake (kcal/d)

2328.83 ± 918.87

2285.62 ± 906.03

2146.12 ± 904.61

2198.77 ± 976.80

< 0.001

Carbohydrate (%E)

64.44 ± 8.10

64.05 ± 8.05

64.65 ± 7.89

64.65 ± 7.89

0.021

Protein (%E)

15.66 ± 20.3

16.06 ± 2.16

15.94 ± 2.23

16.28 ± 2.27

< 0.001

Oil/Fat (%E)

19.60 ± 7.72

19.80 ± 7.52

18.76 ± 7.40

19.04 ± 7.10

0.002