Table 3 Fixed and random effects analysis of the association between intimate partner violence and timely antenatal care visits in sub-Saharan Africa

Fixed effects

Intimate partner violence

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

0.89^*** [0.86,0.92]

0.89^*** [0.86,0.92]

Maternal age

 15–19

Reference

Reference

 20–24

1.14^** [1.05,1.24]

1.14^** [1.05,1.24]

 25–29

1.25^*** [1.14,1.37]

1.22^*** [1.12,1.33]

 30–34

1.34^*** [1.22,1.47]

1.29^*** [1.17,1.42]

 35–39

1.36^*** [1.23,1.50]

1.30^*** [1.17,1.44]

 40–44

1.40^*** [1.25,1.57]

1.35^*** [1.21,1.51]

 45–49

1.21^* [1.04,1.41]

1.16^* [1.00,1.36]

Maternal educational level

 No education

Reference

Reference

 Primary

0.89^*** [0.85,0.93]

0.93^** [0.89,0.98]

 Secondary

0.99 [0.94,1.05]

0.99 [0.94,1.05]

 Higher

1.13^* [1.02,1.26]

1.07 [0.96,1.20]

Marital status

 Married

Reference

Reference

 Cohabiting

1.13^*** [1.09,1.18]

1.15^*** [1.10,1.20]

Partner’s educational level

 No education

Reference

Reference

 Primary

0.84^*** [0.80,0.89]

0.88^*** [0.84,0.93]

 Secondary

0.93^** [0.88,0.98]

0.93^** [0.88,0.98]

 Higher

1.07 [0.98,1.16]

1.01 [0.92,1.09]

Parity

 1

Reference

Reference

 2

0.87^*** [0.82,0.92]

0.87^*** [0.83,0.93]

 3

0.83^*** [0.78,0.88]

0.84^*** [0.79,0.89]

 4 or more

0.68^*** [0.64,0.73]

0.70^*** [0.66,0.75]

Exposure to listening to radio

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

0.97 [0.94,1.01]

0.97 [0.93,1.01]

Exposure to watching television

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.37^*** [1.31,1.43]

1.24^*** [1.18,1.30]

Exposure to reading newspaper/magazine

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.10^** [1.03,1.18]

1.12^** [1.05,1.21]

Health insurance coverage

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.45^*** [1.36,1.54]

1.46^*** [1.37,1.56]

Wealth quintile

 Poorest

Reference

Reference

 Poorer

1.04 [0.99,1.10]

1.04 [0.99,1.10]

 Middle

1.00 [0.95,1.06]

0.98 [0.93,1.04]

 Richer

1.14^*** [1.08,1.21]

1.05 [0.99,1.12]

 Richest

1.74^*** [1.63,1.85]

1.38^*** [1.28,1.48]

Place of residence

 Urban

Reference

Reference

 Rural

0.93^** [0.89,0.98]

1.01 [0.97,1.06]

Sub-regions

 Southern

Reference

Reference

 Eastern

0.74^*** [0.63,0.87]

0.89 [0.76,1.05]

 Central

0.90 [0.77,1.06]

1.00 [0.85,1.18]

 Western

0.96 [0.81,1.12]

1.13 [0.95,1.33]

Random effects

 Primary Sampling Unit variance (95% CI)

0.05 [0.04, 0.07]

0.04 [0.03, 0.06]

0.05 [0.04, 0.06]

0.05 [0.03, 0.06]

 Intracluster correlation coefficient

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

 Likelihood ratio Test

165.93 (< 0.001)

124.55 (< 0.001)

144.12 (< 0.001)

123.06 (< 0.001)

 Wald chi-square

Reference

1250.11***

867.21***

1475.59***

Model fitness

 Log-likelihood

-40,584.608

-39,946.864

-40,148.688

-39,828.439

 Akaike’s Information Criterion

81,173.22

79,939.73

80,317.38

79,718.88

 Sample size

61,282

61,282

61,282

61,282

 Number of clusters

1,569

1,569

1,569

1,569